Arrests, for drug abuse

By comparison, juvenile drug arrests increased 145 percent in that same 10-year period. (In 1991, about 43,000 juveniles were arrested for drug abuse violations in 2000, 106,000 juveniles were arrested on the same charges.)... 

According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation s Crime in the United States report, during 2003 there were 137,658 juveniles arrested by law enforcement agencies for drug abuse violations. 

Cocaine is a CNS stimulant that affects blood vessels and pupils, and increases body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. The euphoric effects of cocaine are quick and include reduced fatigue and mental clarity, as well as hyperstimulation. Research reports that the faster the absorption, the shorter the duration of action. The effects of cocaine in humans are variable (e.g., feeling of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety). Cocaine has powerful neuropsychological-reinforcing properties that are responsible for its repeated compulsive use. In some cases, the first dose may prove fatal. Cocaine-related death may be due to cardiac arrest or convulsion followed by respiratory arrest. In drug abuse, people mix cocaine with alcohol, leading to a chemical complex called cocaethylene, which intensifies the euphoria but can culminate in death. 

In 2000, 81 percent of drug abuse arrests for all age groups were for drug possession. Marijuana arrests accounted for 41 percent of all possession arrests compared with 24 percent for heroin or cocaine arrests. 

In addition, one-half to two-thirds of homicides and serious crimes involve alcohol. Nearly one-half of men arrested for homicide and assault actually test positive for an illegal drug. ATOD abuse contributes to family problems, with one in four Americans reporting that alcohol has been a cause of trouble in the family, and alcohol abuse plays a part in one of three failed marriages. ... 

If amphetamines are detected in a suspect s head hairs, the suspect may be arrested under stimulant control law and the hairs can be used as evidence in a trial. Furthermore, various drugs contained in human hairs not only provide evidence of crime under drug control laws but also important clues to hair comparison for other criminal investigations. Many cases of drug abuse have been established by using human hair. These drugs are stimulants (amphetamines), heroin, phencyclidine, cocaine, barb rates, etc. 

Outpatient group members were very similar to the inpatient PCP abusers in most sociodemographic and drug-use characteristics. Their mean age was 29 years, educational level 12.6 years, and number of prior arrests 1.5. The majority of outpatients were black (83 percent), unmarried (67 percent), and unemployed (67 percent). Their mean duration of PCP use was almost 8 years, with, usually, no prior or recent substance abuse treatment. Thirty-seven percent used PCP at least daily, always by smoking. Like the inpatient PCP abusers, outpatients frequently (87 percent) reported abuse of other drugs alcohol (46 percent), marijuana (46 percent), and cocaine (37 percent). Several outpatients for whom cocaine was the preferred drug of abuse used PCP as a "cheaper high" when cocaine was not affordable. 

Capture-recapture models are another method based on probability considerations, which can be undertaken without additional field research.11 If in one register (e.g. arrest register) 5000 persons are found (for possession of heroin) and in a second register (e.g. treatment register) 2000 persons are found (for treatment of heroin abuse), and there are 400 persons who appear in both registries, it can be assumed that 20% (400/2000) of the drug addicts have been arrested, so that the total heroin addict population could be around 25,000 (5000/20%), five times larger than the total number of arrested heroin users. Results can usually be improved... 

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