Arachidonic acid from mouse

Stella N., Pellerin L., and Magistretti P. J. (1995). Modulation of the glutamate-evoked release of arachidonic acid from mouse cortical neurons Involvement of a pH-sensitive membrane phospholipase A2. J. Neurosci. 15 3307-3317. 

Manoalide (164), a marine natural product which inhibits the release of arachidonic acid from phospholipids by phospholipase A2 [397,398], showed topical anti-inflammatory activity in mouse ear models [399]. Activity in ISN and cRBL (< 1 M) have also been reported [400]. A series of analogues consisting of the furanone ring of manoalide bearing simple unsaturated 16-20 carbon chains showed similar activity in rabbit neutrophils and isolated guinea-pig neutrophil 5-LO [401] interestingly, however, topical anti-inflammatory activity was seen in phorbol ester ear oedema but not in AAE [399]. The importance of 5-LO inhibition to the anti-inflammatory activity of manoalide is unknown effects on phospholipase C and calcium channels have also been shown [402, 403]. 

Capsaicin is a natural compound that has been described as both anti-genotoxic and anti-carcinogenic. In addition, it is surmised to have a potential chemopreventive activity [119]. The compound s antiinflammatory properties have been demonstrated in different in vivo pharmacological tests, which have shown that it inhibits, among others, carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats and croton oil-induced mouse ear edema. These effects are associated with its interference of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), the enzyme that produces arachidonic acid from the membrane phospholipids. Moreover, the proapoptotic effects of capsaicin are widely documented in the literature [120]. 

Plantamajoside (30) from P. asiatica and acteoside from P. lanceolata were tested for inhibitory effect on arachidonic acid-induced mouse ear edema [49]. Plantamajoside (30) showed a high inhibitory effect with inhibitions of 12 % at 1 mg / ear and of 25 % at 3 mg / ear. On the other hand, acteoside (1) showed a weak inhibitory effect with inhibitions of 6 % at 1 mg / ear and of 14 % at 3 mg / ear. This result showed good correlation with the inhibition of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase and 5-lipoxygenase. 

Braughler, J.M., Chase, R.L., NefF, G.L., Yonkers, P.A., Day, J.S., HaU, E.D., Sethy, V.H. and Lahti, R.A. (1988). A new 21-amino steroid antioxidant lacking glucocorticoid activity stimulates ACTH secretion and blocks arachidonic acid release from mouse pituitary tumor (ArT-20) cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther, 244, 423-427. 

Endogenous ligands for the cannabinoid receptor have not yet been identified. Arachidonylethanolamide, a new arachidonic acid derivative named anandamide, was isolated from porcine brain. Its structure was determined by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and was confirmed by synthesis. It inhibits the specific binding of a labelled cannabinoid probe to synaptosomal membranes in a manner typical of competitive ligands, and produces a concentration-dependent inhibition of the electrically-evoked twitch response of the mouse vas deferens, a characteristic effect of psychotropic cannabinoids. Similar compounds were synthesized and their pharmacological properties were investigated. 

Three new oleanane saponins from Zahna africana (63-65) were active against a TPA-induced ear oedema, exhibiting ID50 of 14, 20 and 79 i.g/ear, respectively [90]. Tubeimoside III, natural analog of tubeimoside I (5) also had an antiinflammatory effect on mouse oedema induced by arachidonic acid and TPA [39],... 

In lipidomics profilings of lipid extracts from postmortem brain tissues with psychoses, including schizophrenia, many lipid abnormalities, including alterations in the levels of NEFA and PC species in gray and white matter and an increase in Cer content in white matter, were found in the patients [105]. Along the same line of findings, elevated arachidonic acid-containing PC species were identified in brain tissue samples of a mouse model of depression [106]. 

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