Phenolic resins applications

Properties and Application Phenolic resins find numerous application. The main use of phenolic resin is in moulding applications. They are used for automotive, radio and television and electrical appliance parts. 

Other bulking treatments have their special applications. Phenolic resin treatment, the first to be developed, gives high permanent dimensional stability, decay, heat, acid, and electrical resistance. When compressed prior to setting of the resin, it gives the hardest treated wood known, hardness increases up to... 

This high reactivity is especially essential for the production of phenol/formal-dehyde condensation products (Bakelite resins) phenol/formaldehyde resins were the first synthetic plastics, with production patented by Leo H. Baekeland in 1907. In addition to phenol, cresols, xylenols and long-chain alkylphenols are used to obtain special quality characteristics. Phenolic resins are used widely for numerous applications. Phenolic resin production in Western Europe in 1985 was around 500,0001, in the USA 1,150,0001 and in Japan 325,0001. 

Composites containing a polymer matrix are a valuable class of materials often used in high-temperature applications - phenolic resins and epoxies can be considered useful polymer matrix materials in that respect, as described in the subsequent sections. 

The main application of poly (vinyl formal) is as a wire enamel in conjunction with a phenolic resin. For this purpose, polymers with low hydroxyl (5-6%) and acetate (9.5-13%) content are used. Similar grades are used in structural adhesive (e.g. Redux) which are also used in conjunction with phenolic resin. Poly(vinyl formal) finds some use as a can coating and with wash primers. Injection mouldings have no commercial significance since they have no features justifying their use at current commercial prices. 

Of the various amino-resins that have been prepared, the urea-formaldehyde (U-F) resins are by far the most important commercially. Like the phenolic resins, they are, in the finished product, cross-linked (thermoset) insoluble, infusible materials. For application, a low molecular weight product or resin is first produced and this is then cross-linked only at the end of the fabrication process. 

In lithium-ion battery applications, it is important to reduce the cost of electrode materials as much as possible. In this section, we will discuss hard carbons with high capacity for lithium, prepared from phenolic resins. It is also our goal, to collect further evidence supporting the model in Fig. 24. 

U. von Sacken, Q. Zhong, Tao Zheng, and J.R. Dahn, Phenolic Resin Precursor Pregraphitic Carbonaceous Insertion Compounds and Use as Anodes in Rechargeable Batteries, Canadian Patent Application 2,146,426... 

Structural applications of rubber base adhesives were also obtained using rubber-thermosetting resin blends, which provided high strength and low creep. The most common formulations contain phenolic resins and polychloroprene or nitrile rubber, and always need vulcanization. 

Butyl phenolic resin is a typical tackifier for solvent-borne polychloroprene adhesives. For these adhesives, rosin esters and coumarone-indene resins can also be used. For nitrile rubber adhesives, hydrogenated rosins and coumarone-indene resins can be used. For particular applications of both polychloroprene and nitrile rubber adhesives, chlorinated rubber can be added. Styrene-butadiene rubber adhesives use rosins, coumarone-indene, pinene-based resins and other aromatic resins. 

Thousands of technical papers and many books have been written on the subject of phenolic resins. The polymer is used in hundreds of diverse applications and in very large volumes. It is used worldwide. In fact the term phenolic resin encompasses a wide variety of materials based on a broad range of phenols and co-monomers. In this short article, we cannot expect complete coverage. Our hope is that we can provide an understanding of the fundamental chemistries, uses, and values of these materials as well as enough references to permit the interested reader to begin his own exploration of the topic. 

By far the preponderance of the 3400 kt of current worldwide phenolic resin production is in the form of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) reaction products. Phenol and formaldehyde are currently two of the most available monomers on earth. About 6000 kt of phenol and 10,000 kt of formaldehyde (100% basis) were produced in 1998 [55,56]. The organic raw materials for synthesis of phenol and formaldehyde are cumene (derived from benzene and propylene) and methanol, respectively. These materials are, in turn, obtained from petroleum and natural gas at relatively low cost ([57], pp. 10-26 [58], pp. 1-30). Cost is one of the most important advantages of phenolics in most applications. It is critical to the acceptance of phenolics for wood panel manufacture. With the exception of urea-formaldehyde resins, PF resins are the lowest cost thermosetting resins available. In addition to its synthesis from low cost monomers, phenolic resin costs are often further reduced by extension with fillers such as clays, chalk, rags, wood flours, nutshell flours, grain flours, starches, lignins, tannins, and various other low eost materials. Often these fillers and extenders improve the performance of the phenolic for a particular use while reducing cost. 

Gardziella, A., Pilato, L.A. and Knop, A., Phenolic Resins Chemistry, Applications,... 

On fiberglass resin application sections and forming lines to remove short particles of glass fiber, phenolic resins, and tars,... 

W. Knop and A. Scheib, Chemistry and Applications of Phenolic Resins-Polymer Properties and Applications, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1979). 

Molding applications dominate the market of phenolic resins. Articles produced by injection molding have outstanding heat resistance and dimensional stability. Compression-molded glass-filled phenolic disk brake pistons are replacing the steel ones in many automobiles because of their light weight and corrosion resistance. 

Epoxy phenolic coatings These materials are also cured at relatively high temperatures and are made by the reaction of the epoxy resin with the phenolic resin. They are slightly less critical in application requirements, are less sensitive to curing conditions and can be applied in thicker coats. The best use for both these materials is as tank linings used for the storage or food products, drinks, etc. or for process plant, evaporators, etc. that contain boiling water. 

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