Applications in Medicine and Related Fields

Infrared spectroscopy has been used in many ways in clinical laboratories. The infrared analysis of serum and other fluids from healthy individuals and from patients with various diseases has been an aid in the diagnosis of those diseases. The adsorption of plasma proteins on the surface of polymers which are to be exposed to the bloodstream has been and is actively being investigated by means of internal reflection techniques. Normal and diseased skin surfaces have been examined by the ATR method 

Urines of normal and of diabetic individuals have been examined by infrared spectroscopy for analysis of the components therein, for example, reducing substances such as sugars. In conjunction with other techniques, infrared spectra can be used to examine the urine of patients with phenylketonuria. Also, the serums of blisters formed during certain diseases have been analyzed for proteia Thus, various metabolic products can be identified. 

Cholesterol esters and triglycerides have been determined in serums by infrared methods. Biliary and renal calculi ate quite readily analyzed from infrared spectra. Sometimes it is necessary to determine body water content, and this can be done by the use of DjO, and quantitating the deuterium by means of infrared spectroscopy. 

Infrared spectroscopy has important applications in the areas of air and water pollution, which are problems for everyone. With the well-being of people all over the world at stake, it appears that pollution of all kinds is a public health problem, an area where the influence of the medical and related professions must be brought to bear. It is with this idea in mind that these topies have been included in this particular chapter. 

---

The remarkable photochemical, photophysical and physicochemical properties of the phenothiazine and benzo[a]phenothiazine substituted derivatives should also result in a variety of biological activities and a number of applications in medicine and related fields. 

At a glance, the rapprochement between biochemistry and polymer chemistry seems to have played an important role in the methodological development of preparations for immobilized biocatalysts. A number of articles on the preparation and characterization of immobilized biocatalysts, together with their applications in a variety of fields besides synthetic chemical reactions - chemical and clinical analysis, medicine, and food processing, for example - have already been published. These results have been reviewed by many of the pioneers in this and related fields [1-20]. The technology for immobilizing enzymes and cells is believed to be relatively mature at this point. In addition, the nature of immobilized biocatalysts has become somewhat more transparent to us. The key now is to come up with new uses and new systems which can fulfill specific needs [21]. 

Chiral NMR shift reagents (CSRs) have many practical applications in chemistry, biology, medicine, and related fields. A pair of enantiomers exhibit markedly different biological properties but provide the same chemical shifts in NMR measurements. Since the diastere-omers have different chemical shifts (Wenzel and Wilcox, 2003 Jacobus and Raban, 1969 Viswanathan and Poland, 1995 Parker, 1991), the chiral anions and cations have often been mixed with pairs of enantiomers for signal separation (Jodiy and Lacour, 2000). The effective CSRs of rare earth metal complexes should have high stability in the presence of interfering... 

In keeping with the previous editions, the primary purpose of Medical Biochemistry, Fourth Edition, is to present the fundamentals of biochemistry and related materials in a way that is useful to students pursuing medical and other health-related careers. The book was conceived and written with the hope that it would generate interest and enthusiasm among these students, particularly because biochemistry has a crucial role in human health and disease. Since it is assumed that most students in medicine and health-related fields eventually will apply biochemical principles to the art of healing, discussion of the factual information is integrated with frequent use of clinical examples and applications. 

Last but not least, it is worth to mention the studies of cell adhesion to multiple surfaces. This is a broad topic and we cannot even refer to thousands of papers in the field. Here, we will only mention two reviews from the biochemical and physical points of view as well as a more recent review on the relation between wetting properties of implantable materials and its biocompatibility.Biocompatibility of implantable material is probably the hottest topics in material science with application in medicine. 

A steadily growing application of crown compounds is observed in analytical chemistry and related fields. Fundamentals of their use in this field have already been discussed in a review of Weber [249]. Since then, a great many improvements and further applications have been demonstrated, including ion-selective solvent extraction [250,251], ion chromatography [252], ion-selective electrodes [253-256], chromoionophores and fluoroionophores [257-2591, biology [260-262], and medicine [263]. Of the numerous paper dealing with these subjects, only a few important topics have been singled out here in order to make new concepts and trends evidents. 

Applied Magnetic Resonance provides an international forum for the application of magnetic resonance in physics chemistry, biology, medicine, geochemistry, ecology, engineering, and related fields. 

The chapters cover the following areas (i) use of coordination complexes in all types of catalysis (Chapters 1-11) (ii) applications related to the optical properties of coordination complexes, which covers fields as diverse as solar cells, nonlinear optics, display devices, pigments and dyes, and optical data storage (Chapters 12-16) (iii) hydrometallurgical extraction (Chapter 17) (iv) medicinal and biomedical applications of coordination complexes, including both imaging and therapy (Chapters 18-22) and (v) use of coordination complexes as precursors to semiconductor films and nanoparticles (Chapter 23). As such, the material in this volume ranges from solid-state physics to biochemistry. 

All the examples gathered here demonstrate the possibility to control the growth of metallic and oxide nanoparticles using biological templates. A wide variety of chemical composition, particle size and assemblage can be obtained via these approaches. Moreover, due to the biological nature of the template, applications in fields related to biotechnology and medicinal science can be envisioned. 

---