Application to pesticides

Onishi, Y. Wise, S.E. "Mathematical Model, SERATRA, for Sediment - Contaminant Transport in Rivers and its Application to Pesticide Transport in Four Mile and Wolf Creeks in Iowa EPA-600/3-82-045, U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Environ. Research Lab. Athens, Georgia,1982 p. 56. 

A harmonized pan-European notification system, i.e., covering the entire EU, was introduced for new substances as part of the 6th Amendment to the 67-Directive (EEC 1967), which was adopted in September 1979 (Directive 79/831/EEC - EEC 1979) and came into force in all Member States on 18 September 1981. Over 6800 notifications in total, representing more than 4300 substances, have been submitted since 1981. Inherent of legislation are principles for notification, including criteria for exemption. Exemption categories include consumer products pertaining to pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and foodstuffs. The Directive is not applicable to pesticides, radioactive materials, wastes, and substances used in scientific research (ECB 2006). 

So far, capillary electrochromatography has found only a few applications to pesticides. Separation of cinosulfiiron and its by-products can serve as a good example. The separation was done with a C-8 non-endcapped 3 pm packing in a capillary whose dimensions were 33.5 cm (25.0 cm to the detector) x 100 pm internal diameter. A typical separation is presented in Fig. 10.27 [128],... 

It is not my purpose to expound chromatographic theory, or to discuss the fine points of column preparation, solvent selection, or new advances in detectors. The papers that follow deal with recent developments in these areas, and what they report is as applicable to pesticide metabolism analyses as to residue analyses. Instead, I shall describe a working radiochromatograph for the pesticide research laboratory and discuss some of the problems associated with this type of instrument. 

Recent Developments in High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography and Application to Pesticide Analysis... 

Applicability. Parker (4) points out that one can assume that workable radioimmunoassays can be developed "with all except the smallest or most unstable molecules." Once a useful antibody titer is obtained, often only very small changes in a generalized procedure are needed to obtain a workable assay. Although immunoassays would appear to be generally applicable to pesticide analytical problems they may be most useful in solving specific problems which appear intractable when classical procedures are used. Immunoassays are often most sensitive and specific when... 

A. Manninen, M.-L. Kuitunen and L. Julin. Gas chromatographic properties of the M-series of universal retention index standards and their application to pesticide analysis, J. Chromatogr., 394, 465-471 (1979). 

Electrochemical Biosensor Technology Application to Pesticide Detection... 

Low resolution mass spectrometry (MS), especially in tandem with gas chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have been reviewed with respect to their application to pesticide residue analysis. Sample preparation, direct probe MS analysis, GC-MS interface problems, spectrometer sensitivity, and some recent advances in MS have been studied. MS analyses of pesticide residues in environmental samples (malathion, dieldrin, dia-zinon, phenyl mercuric chloride, DBF, and polychlorinated biphenyls) have been illustrated. Fragmentation patterns, molecular ions, isotope peaks, and spectral matching were important in the identification of these pesticides. The sensitivity limitations of NMR and recent improvements in sensitivity are discussed along with examples of pesticide analyses by NMR and the application of NMR shift reagents to pesticide structure determinations. 

EPA. 1981a. Development of analytical test procedures for organic pollutants in wastewater -application to pesticides. Contract No. 68-03-2711. Cincinnati, OH U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development. EPA 600/4-81-017. Document No. PB82-182507. 

A. Decourtye and M.H. Pham-Delegue Application to pesticide evaluation... 

The actual biological monitoring of workers to detect evidence of exposure such as a drop in blood cholinesterase levels or the presence of a urinary metabolite is superior to the indirect techniques employed in this study. Realizing the difficulties in accurately determining the dermal exposures of mixers, loaders, and applicators to pesticides, the employment of simpler monitoring techniques than the ones performed by CDFA in this report might... 

Palchetti I, Laschi S, Mascini M (2009) Electrochemical biosensor technology application to pesticide detection. Methods Mol Biol 504 115-126... 

McGarvey BD. Derivatization reactions applicable to pesticide determination by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B 1994 659 243-57. 

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