Pilot-scale equipment

It is ei v difficult to test these impellers on a small scale, since thev pro ade better blending on a pilot scale wdiere blending is already ei v ef f ecti e compared to the large scale. Caution is recommended if it is desirable to stiidv these impellers in pilot-scale equipment,... 

Application equipment. Laboratory or pilot scale equipment that closely simulates the actual bonding process under production conditions. For some applications this is simple table top equipment, while for others this may be an expensive pilot line with a skilled operator. 

Filtration experiments are typically conducted in pilot scale equipment and generally tests are conducted either at constant pressure or constant rate to determine axo, as well as s and Rf, for a given sludge and filter medium. Such tests provide empirical information that will enable the time required tor the pressure drop to reach the desired level for a specified set of operating conditions to be determined. In the initial stages of filtration, the filter medium has no cake. Furthermore, Ap is not zero, but has a value that is a function of the resistance of the medium for a given flowrate. This initial condition can be stated as ... 

Fig. 4.3. Ultrasonic soil washing, pilot scale equipment giving a 15% improvement in PCB extraction using a Vibrating Tray .

During recent years pilot scale equipment, smaller than the prototype pilot plants described and capable of operating with exceedingly high efficiency, has been designed. Such equipment as the York-Scheibel solvent extraction tower and the Podbielniak countercurrent centrifugal mixer and extractor are typical. Data from this equipment may be correlated with commercial performance. 

These two successful commercial applications of rotating packed beds prove that scale-up from pilot-scale equipment can achieve the desired process performance in commercial-scale operations. In addition, the mechanical reliability of the rotating equipment is in line with the experience with other rotating... 

The dried fermentation residues were broken up to pass through a 6-mm screen and mixed three times by the method of cone and quarter mixing. The dried and screened HDG (-32 kg) was available for poultry-feeding trials (Table 3). The supernatant from the centrifugation step and filtrate from the filter belt were not evaporated to form concentrated syrup to be added to the dried HDG to form HDGS because of lack of pilot-scale equipment to accomplish the evaporation step. 

Most solid-fluid extraction equipments use baskets closed by frits on large scale units, frit plugging causes frit breakage on decompression but, on lab or pilot-scale equipments, the frit may not break then, even if the autoclave decompression seems effective, compressed CO2 may remain in the basket on autoclave opening, the basket may be brutally ejected and/or may explode. 

Figure 5 shows KIER s R D plan for the IS process. Studies on the closed-loop operation technologies at atmosphere condition using the small-scale apparatus will be carried out until 2006. Studies on process improvement and collection of data in each reaction will be carried out until 2010 for the laboratory and pilot scale equipment that will demonstrate hydrogen production at the rate of l,000N-t/h and 30 100Nm7h, respectively. 

Figure 6 Pilot-scale equipment (XI). CO2 flow rate 5 kg/h atomization vessel 0.5 L. (Courtesy of Separex.)...

A further caution to be exercised when selecting dryers is not to be biased by the way the product is made in the laboratory. Drying as well as filtration, at extremely small scales, are very different from that at a scale that is several orders-of-magnitnde larger. Some materials may start to form hard lumps under their own weight—this may not show in pilot tests if the prodnct depth is under the critical depth needed to prodnce lumps. A double-cone vacuum dryer, for example, has a tendency to form snowballs on fnll-scale but not necessarily on pilot-scale equipment (Kemp 1998). 

A glib generalization is that the design equations for noncatalytic fluid-solid reactors can be obtained by combining the intrinsic kinetics with the appropriate transport equations. The experienced reader knows that this is not always possible even for the solid-catalyzed reactions considered in Chapter 10 and is much more difficult when the solid participates in the reaction. The solid surface is undergoing change. See Table 11.6. Measurements usually require transient experiments. As a practical matter, the measurements will normally include mass transfer effects and are often made in pilot-scale equipment intended to simulate a full-scale reactor. Consider a gas-solid reaction of the general form... 

Choice of materials, as in any process, is a major consideration. Most resin suppliers and equipment vendors have laboratory to pilot-scale equipment that can screen various resins. Blends of similar resins can also be useful in obtaining greater orientation in the blown film process (9). 

We constructed pilot-scale equipment in order to confirm the performance and the scale-up rules of the DFC burner. The specifications of the equipment are shown in table 6. Figure 6 shows the picture of the main parts of the equipment. 

Table 6 Specifications of pilot-scale equipment Furnace size lOSOx I050x 1260 mm...

Figure 6 Main parts of the pilot-scale equipment...

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