Application bioremediation

T. Pheiffei, "Case Study of the Eglin Ait Eoice Base Ground Water Bioremediation System," in Innovative Operational Treatment Technologiesfor Application to Supefund Sites Nine Case Studies U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1990. 

Considerable interest has been expressed in the chlorophenol-degrading organism Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum (R. chlorophenolicus) (Apajalahti et al. 1986), partly motivated by its potential for application to bioremediation of chlorophenol-contaminated industrial sites (Haggblom and Valo 1995). 

Different mechanisms have therefore clearly emerged and it seems premature to draw general conclusions especially in the application of synthetic and natural surfactants to bioremediation, which is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 14. It is important to note, however, that the production of biosurfactants may not be the only mechanism for facilitating the uptake of substrates with... 

These results may be viewed in the wider context of interactions between potential ligands of multifunctional xenobiotics and metal cations in aquatic environments and the subtle effects of the oxidation level of cations such as Fe. The Fe status of a bacterial culture has an important influence on synthesis of the redox systems of the cell since many of the electron transport proteins contain Fe. This is not generally evaluated systematically, although the degradation of tetrachloromethane by a strain of Pseudomonas sp. under denitrifying conditions clearly illustrated the adverse effect of Fe on the biotransformation of the substrate (Lewis and Crawford 1993 Tatara et al. 1993). This possibility should therefore be taken into account in the application of such organisms to bioremediation programs. 

Apart from its application to the specific problem of groundwater contamination, this procedure offers a potentially valuable procedure for simulating bioremediation of contaminated soils. 

Two sections deal briefly with procedures for investigating the pathways used in biodegradation and biotransformation. They cover briefly the application of isotopes, and of nondestructive methods that include NMR, EPR, and x-ray analysis. They should be viewed in the wider context of procedures for evaluating the effectiveness of bioremediation that are covered in Chapter 13 and their application in Chapter 14. 

Sullivan JP, D Dickinson, HA Chase (1998) Methanotrophs, Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, sMMO, and their application to bioremediation. Crit Rev Microbiol 24 335-373. 

This chapter attempts to provide an overview of the application of principles, outlined in previous chapters, to the bioremediation of contaminated terrestrial sites and the associated groundwater. Cardinal microbiological processes will be addressed only briefly, and references should be made to previous chapters for metabolic details. There are several reasons for the heightened concern over the increasing volume of solid waste—both industrial and domestic. On the positive side, however,... 

After successive applications of an agrochemical, a population that has enhanced capability for their degradation may develop. This is negative for the functioning of the chemicals, bnt wonld be positive from the view of bioremediation (Racke and Coats 1990). 

A number of contaminated sites have been used for illustration, though the extent to which bioremediation has received practical application is variable. For a number of reasons, emphasis is placed on basic microbiological issues that have emerged from controlled laboratory experiments ... 

There has been considerable interest in the use of plants for bioremediation and this merits a rather extensive discussion. Plants can play an important role in bioremediation for several reasons (1) they can transport contaminants from the soil, (2) they can metabolize the contaminants after uptake, or (3) they can produce exudes that support microbial activity for degradation of the contaminants. In addition, bacteria can produce metabolites that counter the effect of toxins produced by fungi, and serve as biocontrol agents that diminish the need for the application of agrochemicals. Plant exudates play an important role in supporting the growth and activity of bacteria that carry out the degradation of contaminants in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane (the external surface of roots... 

Collectively, these results illustrate the value of this procedure for determining the occurrence of biodegradation and biotransformation in natural environments, and their application to assessing the effectiveness of bioremediation. A number of important limitations should be addressed. 

Cajthaml T, V Sasek (2005) Application of supercritical fluid extraction (SEE) to predict bioremediation efficiency of long-term composting of PAH-contaminated soil. Environ Sci Technol 39 8448-8452. 

These results clearly indicate the existence of a number of issues that must be resolved in the application of bioremediation to PAH-contaminated soils, and that caution should be exercised in making generalizations. 

In the application of snch strains to bioremediation of contaminated sites, a nnmber of important considerations shonld be considered. 

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