Apple, Malus

BANDONiENE D and MURKOVic M (2002) On-line HPLC-DPPH screening method for evaluation of radical scavenging phenols extracted from apples (Malus domestica L.), J Agric Food Chem, 50, 2482-87. 

Schieber, A., Detection of isorhamnetin glycosides in extracts of apples (Malus domestica cv. Brettacher ) by HPLC-PDA and HPLC-APCIMS/MS, Phytochem. Anal., 13, 87, 2002. 

Golden delicious apples Malus domestica) and tomatoes Solarium lycopersicum) were purchased at the local market. Fruits were peeled and sliced before treatment (4 h at 45 °C) with 0.1 % Pectinex Ultra Sp-L (Novo Ferment) in presence of 9 mM ascorbic acid. The insoluble material was then eliminated by centrifugation and the obtained juices dialysed against distilled water. 

Palmer, J.W., S.B., D., Shaw, P. and Wunsche, J.N. (2002). Growth and fruit quality of Braeburn apple (Malus domestica) trees as influenced by fungicide programmes suitable for organic production , New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 31, 169-177. 

Strissel, T., Halbwirth, H., Hoyer, U., Zistler, C., Stich, K., and Treutter, D. (2005). Growth-promoting nitrogen nutrition affects flavonoid biosynthesis in young apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaves , Plant Biology, 1, 677-685. 

Guyot S, Mamet N, Sanoner P and Drilleau JF. 2003. Variability of file polyphenolic composition of cider apple (Malus domestica) fruits and juices. J Agric Food Chem 51 6240-6247. 

Hamauzu Y, Yasui H, Inno T, Kume C and Omanyuda M. 2005. Phenolic profile, antioxidant property, and anti-influenza viral activity of Chinese quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis Schneid.), quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), and apple (Malus domestica Mill.) fruits. J Agric Food Chem 53(4) 928-... 

Outside of the United States, fenvalerate is used on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in Australia, Greece, and South Africa, and on apples (Malus sp.), pears (Pyrus sp.), and potatoes (Solarium sp., Ipomea sp.) in Canada (Reed 1981) uses in other countries, including Mexico, are anticipated (Reed 1981), as is increased use against agricultural, poultry, dairy, and household pests (Mumtaz... 

Living mulches in perennial cropping systems are grasses or legumes planted in the alleyways between rows in orchards and vineyards. Use of the living mulch is a common practice in apple (Malus sylvestris L.) production. Wick and Alleweldt... 

Occurs in apples -Malus pumila and Pyrus communis... 

Proanthocyanidins Apple Malus pumila) Reflectron ( + ) Linear ( + ) IAA/Ag+ 308... 

Guyot, S. et al., Characterization of highly polymerized procyanidins in cider apple Malus sylvestris var kermerrien) skin and pulp. Phytochemistry 44, 351, 1997. 

Roemmelt, S. et al., Formation of novel flavonoids in apple (Malus x domesticd) treated with the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase inhibitor prohexadione-Ca, Phytochemistry, 64, 709, 2003. 

Bandoniene D, Murkovic M. On-Line HPLC-DPPH Screening Method for Evaluation of Radical Scavenging Phenols Extracted from Apples (Malus domeshca L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 50, 2482-2487. 

A whole range of other quercetin conjugates such as quercetin-3-O-galacto-side, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-xyloside, quercetin-3-O-rutino-side, quercetin-3-O-arabinopyranoside, and quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside are found in apples (Malus x domestica) (Fig. 1.4) [Marks et al., 2008]. 

Li H, Flachowsky H, Fischer T, Hanke M-V, Forkmann G, Treutter D, Schwab W, Hoffmann T, Szankowski I. 2007. Maize Lc transcription factor enhances biosynthesis of anthocyanins, distinct proanthocyanidins and phenylpropanoids in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) Planta 226 1243-1254. 

Pfeiffer J, Kiihnel C, Brandt J, Duy D, Punyasiri PA, Forkmann G, Fischer TC. 2006. Biosynthesis of flavan 3-ols by leucoanthocyanidin 4-reductases and anthocyanidin reductases in leaves of grape (Vitis vinifera L.), apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) and other crops. Plant Physiol Biochem 44 323-334. 

Apple Malus rpd Hombean, European Carpinus belalus T... 

Uptake of B is species dependent. Greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to study B uptake by different plant species, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern (wild brown mustard), Festuca arundinacea Schreb. L. (tall fescue), and Brassica napus (canola) (Banuelos et al., 1993). Results showed that the greatest total amount of above ground biomass and below surface biomass was produced by tall fescue and the highest concentrations of tissue B were from roots of tall fescue. A correlation for B and Ca has been reported by Dixon et al. (1973), where B sprays have been shown to increase Ca transport into apples ( Malus spp.). 

Krebitz, M., B. Wagner, F. Ferreira, C. Peterbauer, N. Campillo, M. Witty, D. Kolarich, H. Steinkellner, O. Scheiner, and H. Breiteneder. 2003. Plant-based heterologous expression of Mai d 2, a thaumatin-like protein and allergen of apple (Malus domestica), and its characterization as an antifungal protein. J Mol Biol 329 (4) 721-730. 

A more complicated example arises from the strange reactions used to make malic acid from chloral and ketene. An initial [2 + 2] cycloaddition (Chapter 35) is followed by acid treatment and then treatment with an excess of aqueous NaOH. Neutralization gives malic acid, an acid found naturally in apples (Malus spp.). 

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