Aphids chemical

The edible parts of parsnips (Pastimea sativa L.), which have been consumed for centuries by humans without causing any obvious harm, were found to contain a chemical of insecticidal and strong synergistic nature (1). The insecticidal constituent, present at about 200 p.p.m., was isolated and identified as 5-allyl-l-methoxy-2, 3-methylenedioxybenzene or myristicin. Its toxicity to various insects [vinegar flies, houseflies, Mediterranean fruit flies, mosquito larvae, Mexican bean beetles, and pea aphids] was established and compared with pyrethrum and aldrin (Tables I and II). The knockdown effect, although definite, was not as great as that of pyrethrum. In tests... 

K.S. Brown, The chemistry of aphids and scale insects, Chemical Society Reviews, 4, 263 288 (1975). 

Do assassin bugs really collect damar for its chemicals The resin serves their needs because it does not harden quickly but remains soft and sticky. Softness and stickiness are physical properties, but they are also direct consequences of the resin s chemical composition. It seems fair to credit the bugs employment of damar to its complex mix of chemicals. We could also ask whether green lacewing larvae appropriate aphid wool for its chemicals. In that case, the significance of chemical properties appears unequivocal, as the ants chemical sense evidently equates the waxy wool with aphids. 

Bruce TJA, Matthes MC, Chamberlain K, Woodcock CM, Mohib A, Webster B, Smart LE, Birkett MA, Pickett JA, Napier JA (2008) cis-Jasmone induces Arabidopsis genes that affect the chemical ecology of multitrophic interactions with aphids and their parasitoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 4553 558... 

All these data support the idea that QA may function as chemical defense compounds. We also tested whether this chemical defense is relevant for the survival of a lupin plant. Lupins offer a unique chance to explore this question experimentally plant breeders have selected "sweet" varieties, which have a very low alkaloid content. These varieties can be compared to semi-bitter or bitter ones. We have grown Lupinus albus strains that differ in their alkaloid content in our experimental garden and greenhouse and have monitored their susceptibility to attack by plant pests. As can be seen from Figure 2, "sweet" lupins are preferentially eaten by rabbits (Cuniculus europaeus) or are infested by aphids (Aphidae) or leaf miners (Agromyzidae). Literature data also support the assumption that alkaloid-rich lupins are much more resistant to plant pests than "sweet" varieties (30-32). We conclude therefore, that QA are indeed important for the fitness of a lupin plant and that they constitute a major part of its chemical defense system, in which... 

Corcuera. Chemical constituents from shoots of Hordeum vulgare infected by the Aphid schizapsis graminum. Z HV090 Naturforsch Ser C 1998 53C(9/10) ... 

Identification of semiochemicals released during aphid feeding that attract parasitoid Aphidius ervi. Journal of Chemical Ecology 24 1355-1368. 

Dreyer, D. L., Jones, . C. and Molyneux, R. L. (1985). Feeding deterrency of some pyrrolizidine, indolizidine, and quinolizidine alkaloids towards pea aphid (Acryrthosiphon pisum) and evidence of phloem transport of indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine. Journal of Chemical Ecology 11 1045-1051. 

Chemical Name 0,0-diethyl 0-2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate 0,0-diethyl-0-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl 4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate 0,0-diethyl 2-isopropyl-4-methylpyrimidinyl-6-thiophosphate Uses nonsystemic insecticide to control flies, aphids and spider mites in soil, fruit, vegetables and ornamentals also... 

Youngsteadt and DeVries (2005) described the putative role of chemical mimicry in a lycaenid caterpillar (Lepidoptera Lycaenidae), i.e., the harvester Feniseca tarquinius, that preys on some ant-tended Homoptera (see Aphid section). Chemical analyses and behavioral bioassays indicated that aphid-like camouflage allowed the caterpillar to evade detection by the ants (genera Camponotus or Formica) without other concealment behavior. The authors stated that mimicry was not an active process in this case. 

Akino, T. and Yamaoka, R. (1998). Chemical mimicry in the root aphid parasitoid Paralipsis eikoae Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera Aphidiidae) of the aphid-attending ant Lasius sakagamii Yamauchi and Hayashida (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Chemoecology, 8, 153-161. 

Liepert, C. and Dettner, K. (1993). Recognition of aphid parasitoids by honeydewcollecting ants The role of cuticular lipids in a chemical mimicry system. J. Chem. Ecol., 19, 2143-2153. 

Lohman, D. J., Liao, Q. and Pierce, N.E. (2006). Convergence of chemical mimicry in a guild of aphid predators. Ecol. Entomol., 31, 41-51. 

Volkl, W., Liepert, C., Bimbach, C. R., Hiibner, G. and Dettner, K. (1996). Chemical and tactile communication between the root aphid parasitoid Paralipsis enervis and trophobiotic ants consequences for parasitoid survival. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 52, 731-738. 

Flufenerim [191], an insecticide that acts by inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport of complex I, is under development by Ube Industries. Flufenerim, which is chemically related to pyrimidifen, is reported to control aphids and whiteflies. 

Uses Dichlorvos is a colorless to amber liquid with a mild chemical odor. The USEPA has classified it under RUP, and hence it should be purchased and used only by certified applicators. Dichlorvos is used primarily to control household insects such as flies, aphids, spider mites, caterpillars, and thrips. The chemical also is used therapeutically against parasitic worm infections in dogs, livestock, and humans. The mechanism of action appears to be a contact poison and stomach poison in insects caused by interference with cholinesterase, a neurologic enzyme that is important to nerve transmissions. It is used as a fumigant and has been used to make pet collars and pest strips. It is available as an aerosol and a soluble concentrate.28 44... 

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