Anxiety disorders classification

Glassification of Substance-Related Disorders. The DSM-IV classification system (1) divides substance-related disorders into two categories (/) substance use disorders, ie, abuse and dependence and (2) substance-induced disorders, intoxication, withdrawal, delirium, persisting dementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disorder. The different classes of substances addressed herein are alcohol, amphetamines, caffeine, caimabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics, polysubstance, and others. On the basis of their significant socioeconomic impact, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and opioids have been selected for discussion herein. 

Table 9.3. Classification of anxiety disorders according to the criteria of ICD-10 and DSM-IV. ...

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FIGURE 8—10. In the late 1990s the antidepressants venlafaxine XR and others have become first-line treatments for generalized anxiety disorder. Thus, antidepressants are now first-line treatments for both depression and anxiety disorders, rendering the classification of antidepressant versus anxiolytic inappropriate for many antidepressants. 

Although neuroticism is not a disease per se, it predisposes individuals to anxiety disorders (12, 13). Neuroticism is a vulnerability factor for all forms of anxiety (14-16). A system established by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Psychiatric Disorders in the United States, currently in its 4th edition (DSM-IV) text revision (TR) (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), sets the boundary at which a particular level of behavior becomes an anxiety disorder—a level often based on the number and the duration of symptoms. DSM is a categorical system based on the qualitative separation of disease states from the state of well-being. The DSM-IVTR category of anxiety disorders currently includes generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), simple phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, social phobia, and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) as discrete anxiety disorders. The International Classification of Diseases-10 (IC-10) is a similar system, but it is less frequently used in research (17). 

Anxiety disorders A classification of disorders often characterized by persistent worry. 

The DSM-IV-TR manual (American Psychiatric Association 2000) uses anxiety as a general term for a range of more specific anxiety disorders, which includes panic attacks, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder and post traumatic stress disorder. However there is currently no literature applying these criteria to work and career anxiety, and nothing in the DSM-IV-TR which relates these disorders specifically to the work situation. Thus, the present chapter extrapolates the existing classifications of anxiety to the workplace from other settings. 

Assignment of a drug to the sedative-hypnotic class indicates that it is able to cause sedation (with concomitant relief of anxiety) or to encourage sleep. Because there is considerable chemical variation within the group, this drug classification is based on clinical uses rather than on similarities in chemical structure. Anxiety states and sleep disorders are common problems, and sedative-hypnotics are widely prescribed drugs worldwide. 

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