Carbachol induced

Datta, S., Quattrochi, J. J. Hobson, J. A. (1993). Effect of specific muscarinic M2 receptor antagonist on carbachol induced long-term REM sleep. Sleep 16, 8-14. 

Baghdoyan, H. A., Lydic, R., Callaway, C. W. Hobson, J. A. (1989). The carbachol-induced enhancement of desynchronized sleep signs is dose dependent and antagonized by centrally administered atropine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2, 67-79. 

Xi, M. C., Liu, R. H., Yamuy, J., Morales, F. R. Chase, M. H. (1997). Electro-physiological properties of lumbar motoneurons in the alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cat during carbachol-induced motor inhibition. J. Neurophysioi 78, 129-36. 

Nelson Carbachol-induced constrictions are nicely relaxed by membrane hyperpolarization. I would say that measuring the membrane potential under... 

Kang, Y., Zhang, C., Qiao, J. Involvement of endogenous opioids and ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the mediation of carbachol-induced antinociception at the spinal level a behavioral study in rats, Brain Research 1997, 761, 342-346. 

Woch G, Davies RO, Pack AI, Kubin L (1996) Behaviour of raphe cells projecting to the dorsomedial medulla during carbachol-induced atonia in the cat. J Physiol 490 (Pt 3) 745-758... 

A. Ben-Jebria, D. Chen, M. L. Eskew, R. Vanbever, R. Langer, and D. A. Edwards, Large porous particles for sustained protection from carbachol-induced broncho-constriction in guinea pigs, Pharm. Res. 16 555 (1999). 

Fig. 9. Effect of an 20-h cis- or trans-DDP treatment on carbachol-inducible fi-lactamase expression in Jurkat cells. The gene expression was determined by measuring the cleavage of...

B. Carbachol induces release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla. 

Pietra et al. (1990) studied the effects of some antidepressants by the in vitro inhibition of carbachol-induced contractions of rat detrusor strip preparations. The detrusor muscle tissue (bladder dome) was cut in a semicircular direction and further dissected into strip preparations measuring approximately 2 x 20 mm. 

Oprins, J.C., Van der Burg, C., Meijer, H.P., Munnik, T. and Groot, J.A., 2001, PLD pathway involved in carbachol-induced Cl- secretion possible role of TNF-a. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 280 C789-C795. 

Park, S. and Rasmussen, H. (1986). Carbachol induced protein phosphorylation changes in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 261, 15734. 

To investigate whether the Ni2-HCi2, No3+Co3, and Ni3+Ci3 poljrpeptide complexes were still capable of activating G proteins, their ability to mediate carbachol-induced phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis was examined [20], As shown in Fig. 4, the No3+Co3 and Ni3-i-Ci3 complexes were able to stimulate PI hydrolysis to a similar maximum extent as the wild type m3 mAChR. In contrast, the Ni2+Ci2 complex displayed only residual functional activity, indicating that the structural integrity of the i2 loop is essential for efficient G protein coupling [20]. 

Figure 4. Fimctional properties of polypeptide complexes formed by coexpressed m3 mAChR fragments. The abihty of the wild type m3 mAChR (Emax = 100%) and three polypeptide complexes (for fragment structures, see Fig. 3) to mediate carbachol-induced PI hydrolysis was studied in transiently transfected COS-7 cells. For these experiments, the wild type m3 mAChR was expressed at Bmax levels similar to those found with the coexpressed polypeptides (data taken from ref. 20).

Figure 7. Carbachol-induced PI hydrolysis mediated by hybrid m2/m3 mAChRs transiently expressed in COS-7 cells. The Tyr residue (Y) present at the beginning of the i3 loop in several of the chimeric constructs corresponds to m3Tyr254 and replaces /n2Ser210 (data taken from ref. 39).

Antagonism of carbachol-induced contractions of guinea pig ileum. 

FIGURE 10.2 Blockade of carbachol-induced CN production in undifferentiated rat pheochromocytoma cells by atropine Atropine 500 jlM was added at the beginning of the experiment and carbachol (100 jlM) was added after 20 min to both atropine and control samples. Air 95%, CO2 5% was passed over the cells and bubbled through 0.1 M NaOH to trap the CN. Aliquots of the NaOH were taken to measure CN colorimetrically (Lambert, J., Ramasamy, J., and Pakstelis, J., Anal Chem. 41, 916, 1975. With permission). Note atropine completely blocked the response to carbachol but basal CN production was not affected by atropine. Apparently the cells generate CN from an atropine insensitive source which includes release from lipoid depots and from proteins. 

Two inhibitors are known. (1) Neomycin is an antibiotic that interacts with polyphosphoinositides. Neomycin inhibited the Ca2+-dependent histamine secretion from GTPyS-loaded mass cells (Cockcroft and Gomperts, 1985), the GTPyS-induced contractions in skinned rabbit main pulmonary arteries (Kobayashi et al., 1988), the carbachol-induced contractions in... 

Howe et al. (1986) included myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation into the correlation studies. Using different concentrations of carbachol, time, and temperature, a good correlation was found between hydrolysis of PIP2, MLC phosphorylation, and contraction in rabbit iris sphincter smooth muscle. This supports the concept that the carbachol-induced signal transduction in iris muscle occurs through enhanced PIP2 turnover, appearance of IP3, the elevation of [Ca2+] , and MLC phosphorylation. 

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