Antimonial bronze

Bronzier-pulver, n. bronzing powder, -salz, n, bronzing salt, specif, antimony trichloride. 

Tin is expensive and not very strong, but it is resistant to corrosion. Its main use is in tinplating, which accounts for about 40% of its consumption. Tin is also used in alloys such as bronze (with copper) and pewter (with antimony and copper). 

In former times, tin was used widely as a constituent of metal alloys, of which bronze, solder, and pewter are common examples. Bronze is an alloy of copper containing approximately 20% tin and smaller amounts of zinc. Pewter is another Cu-Sn alloy that contains tin as the major component ( 85%), with roughly equal portions of copper, bismuth, and antimony. Solder consists of 67% lead and 33% tin. 

Small amounts of zinc, lead, iron, antimony, and phosphorus also present. b International Annealed Copper Standard. c Ree-cutting phosphor bronze. 

Two hundred twenty four Chinese coins (Song Dynasty, ca. 990-1080 A.D.) were analyzed via energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometiy for the following elements copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), nickel (NO. manganese (Mn), antimony (Sb), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and silver (Ag). The coins routinely appear to be leaded bronze. However, the amount of lead present in these coins was in many cases significantly higher than expected. 

Thirty six small copper coins issued under the authority of Herod Agrippa I were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for copper, zinc, tin, lead, antimony, iron, gold, silver, and several other elements. This series of coins show significant amounts of lead in the coins, but an otherwise unadulterated bronze composition, with very little in the way of trace elements. The metallurgical make up of the samples and implications of the findings are presented here. 

Besides powdered metals, certain metallic compounds are sometimes used for the same purposes, e.g., stannic sulphide (mosaic gold), antimony sulphide (iron bronze) and various oxygenated compounds of tungsten (tungsten bronzes). 

Aluminum powder ( aluminum bronze ) P. 13 Aluminum turnings P. 25, 26 Ammonium chloride P. 43 Ammonium sulphate P. 3, 73 Antimony sulphide (stibnite) P. 56,... 

Pewter is a term applied to a wide range of alloys in which tin is the dominant metal, mixed with lead and sometimes copper, antimony, and/or zinc. Some pewter contains no lead at all, and is mostly tin and copper. Bronze is also an alloy of tin and copper, but it is predominantly copper. 

Dezincification of a-brass can be minimized by adding 1% Sn, as in admiralty brass (71 Cu-28Zn-lSn, and further inhibited by adding less than 0.1% of arsenic),55 antimony, or phosphorus. Where dezincification is a problem, red brass, commercial bronze, inhibited admiralty metal, and inhibited brass can be successfully used. 

Alloys.—Phosphorus as a constituent of bronzes is chiefly valued for its deoxidising effect, which confers a great toughness on the metal. The principal alloys are those containing copper, tin, zinc, nickel, lead and antimony. The phosphorus is usually added in the form of phosphor-tin. Phosphor-coppers may be made by heating copper phosphate or copper turnings and phosphorus in crucibles at 600-800°. 8 Phosphor-bronze may contain Cu 89, Sn 11 and P 0-3 per cent.8 The phosphorus should not exceed 0-6 per cent. 

Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to determine concentrations of several major and trace elements in samples of heavily corroded residues found in crucible fragments excavated at Tel Dan, Israel. The residues were mostly hard, metallic phases admixed with nonmetallic inclusions that appeared to be ceramic material from the loose porous interior of the crucible itself The objective was to identify the metals that had been melted in these crucibles. A method is described that attempts to separate nonmetallic and metallic phase data. In comparison to previous reports on analyses of source materials thought to have been used at Dan in this period (Late Bronze II Age-Early Iron I Age 1400-1000 B.C.), high gold concentrations were found. These appear to be correlated to arsenic and antimony concentrations. This finding is discussed in relation to possible changes in the source of tin at this period. 

The overall data may not be used in such an absolute sense as in analysis of a bronze casting, but they do provide some interesting information. Substantial concentrations of gold and arsenic were observed that appear to correlate with one another and with antimony concentration. Further work is needed to find authentic sources of the copper, tin, fluxes, and other materials used at these sites. Apparently, measurement of gold concentrations cannot be used to answer questions about a change in the sources of tin during this period. 

Tin was deliberately added to all the coins, with three probable exceptions (see Figure 8). Hence, most of the coins are true bronzes. Tin content generally ranged from about 3% to 9%. The tin determinations by X-ray fluorescence are of questionable accuracy because of inhomogeneities in the coins. One coin with a low tin content (to which tin was deliberately added) contains high concentrations of antimony and arsenic. The antimony and arsenic were either inadvertent or intended substitutes for tin. It is impossible to conclude from these data whether tin contents were set at different levels for various denominations of coins. However, both quadrantes contain no deliberately added tin. 

The principal alloys of tin are bronze (tin and copper), soft solder (50% tin and 50% lead), pewter (75% tin and 25% lead), and britan-nia metal (tin with small amounts of antimony and copper). 

Potassium perchlorate becomes sensitive in contact with red phosphorus the mixture detonates with a loud noise by an impact between metal pieces of aluminium or bronze. When the mixture is ignited, it detonates instantaneously. However match or toy pistol caps cannot be made from compositions which contain potassium perchlorate in place of chlorate, because the ignition is uncertain. When potassium perchlorate is mixed with realgar, antimony trisulphide, sulphur etc. it also becomes sensitive realgar particularly increases the sensitivity to friction. But the degree of sensitivity is not as large as it is with potassium chlorate. 

Qlhe bronze used in this statue of a bull located in New York City s financial district is an alloy of tin and copper. This pewter vase is lead free. About 8% antimony is mixed with tin to make the pewter harder. 

Use Antimony salts, bronzing iron, mordant, manufacturing lakes, chlorinating agent in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, fireproofing textiles, analytical reagent. 

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