Antibodies sensor materials

In conclusion, molecularly imprinted polymers and related materials have every potential to become popular tools in analytical chemistry, catalysis, and sensor technology. Obviously this will require further research, especially in the problem areas of MI mentioned above. Nevertheless, the author of this contribution fully expects that in the near future MIP will become real competitors for biological enzymes or antibodies, and thus will have a major impact on the whole area of biotechnology. 

Sensors are usually attached chemically or physically to other materials here referred as the carrier, like polymers, antibodies, and optical fibers in order to facilitate the sensing process. These carriers generally affect the luminescent characteristics of the sensor molecules. The modification of the luminescent characteristics of the sensor is caused by the creation of more than one microphase or microenvironment for the sensor. Each molecule in its particular microenvironment may return to the ground state following a different set of processes or mechanisms. Alternatively, the nonra-diative decay rate of each microphase may be different for each sensor molecule. Depending on the characteristics of the carrier and the sensor, the number of microphases may be one, two, three, or an infinite number. 

Electrochemical biosensors [18] Here we mean biomimetic sensors, which utilize the ability of biological materials (enzymes, antibodies, etc.) to recognize specific components and to catalyze their reactions with great specificity. Many of the biosensors are electrochemical sensors, based on potentio-metric or amperometric measurements. For example, in the case of an amperometric... 

Similarly to their natural counterparts (enzymes, antibodies, and hormone receptors), MIPs have found numerous applications in various areas. They have been used as antibody mimics in immunoassays and sensors and biochips as affinity separation materials and for chemical and bioanalysis, for directed synthesis and enzyme-like catalysis, and for biomedical applications. Concerning their commercialization, there has been great progress during the past decade, in particular in the... 

This detector is based on the collective oscillations of the free electron plasma at a metal surface. Typically a prism is coated with a metal film and the film coated with a chemically selective layer. The surface is illuminated by a laser and the amount of material adsorbed by the coating affects the angle of the deflected beam. This platform is theoretically similar in sensitivity to a quartz crystal microbalance. This is another platform whose selectivity is based on the coating. The typical coating is using bound antibodies thus, this device becomes a platform for immuno-sensors (12). 

The problems that occur with in vivo experiments are not completely solved. The points where the implanted electrodes cause tissue damage are rapidly regenerated and covered by conjunctive tissue or even by antibodies from electrode rejection. The formation and growth of conjunctive tissue is influenced by the form and nature of the electrode material. A material s biocompatibility is defined as its ability to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application51. Therefore it is important to develop biomaterials for in vivo sensor applications, since neither the conjunctive tissue nor the antibody layer on the electrode is conducting, and a large decrease in electrode response after implantation is observed. 

Sensitive, selective detection of biochemically active compounds can be achieved by employing antigen-antibody, enzyme-substrate, and other receptor-protein pairs, several of which have been utilized in the development of piezoelectric immunoassay devices. The potential analytical uses of these materials has been reviewed, particularly with respect to the development of biochemical sensors [221-224], The receptor protein (e.g., enzyme, antibody) can be immobilized directly on the sensor surface, or it can be suspended in a suitable film or membrane. An example of the sensitivity and response range that can be... 

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