Antibodies classes, Table

Although the cellular and humoral response in experimental animals tends to be relatively uniform, it must be remembered that in man (and domestic animals) the immune responses can vary enormously. This is undoubtedly related to human genetic diversity - unlike the uniform genetic background of most experimental animals. These responses have been much studied in hydatid disease and (T. solium) cysticercosis. In the latter case, the frequency of different precipitation bands in serum immuno-electrophoresis (Fig. 11.8) and of the immunoglobulin classes (Table 11.4) show great variation between patients (226). Moreover, some patients show no humoral or cellular response whatsoever (226). Similarly, there is much variation in the immune responses to hydatid disease and, again, some patients show no detectable antibody (734). 

Characterization of antibodies is useful in determining antibody class, binding kinetics, epitope specificity, cross-reactivity, and antibody affinity. Table 2 illustrates some of the techniques used to assess these characteristics. 

The availability of purihed antibodies permitted the detailed characterization of the different classes of immunoglobulins with respect to their biosynthesis, metabolism, and composition in plasma (Table 10.2). The most abundant immunoglobulin molecule in serum is IgG. IgG classes 1,2,... 

Each class of lipoprotein has a specific function, determined by its point of synthesis, lipid composition, and apolipoprotein content. At least nine different apolipoproteins are found in the lipoproteins of human plasma (Table 21-3), distinguishable by their size, their reactions with specific antibodies, and their characteristic distribution in the lipoprotein classes. These protein components act as signals, targeting lipoproteins to specific tissues or activating enzymes that act on the lipoproteins. 

As part of SW-846, the EPA has validated and approved many immunoassay and colorimetric screening methods for a wide range of contaminants, such as petroleum fuels, pesticides, herbicides, PCBs, and explosives. Immunoassay technology uses the property of antibodies to bind to specific classes of environmental pollutants allowing fast and sensitive semiquantitative or qualitative detection. Colorimetric kits are based on the use of chemical reactions that indicate the presence of target analytes by a change in color. Table 3.9 presents a summary of EPA-approved screening methods and their detection capabilities. 

Antibodies can be classified according to the GADME system based on their configuration and function. The five different classes (also referred to as isotypes) are presented, along with their function, in Table 3.2. Also integrated into this overview are the molecular mass, half-life and the proportion of each class. In the following section, emphasis will be placed on the kinetic aspects of the isotypes. 

Some examples of therapeutic mAbs are presented in Table 16.1. However, because of the clinical and commercial importance of this class of therapeutic proteins, an entire chapter is dedicated to monoclonal antibodies (Chapter 17). 

Over the past two decades many biotechnology-derived products have been approved in the United States. A selected list of these products is provided in Table 6.2. The products include recombinant endogenous-replacement proteins, cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, and fusion molecules. Other chapters in this book give more detailed product-class-specific descriptions of the preclinical development programs for many of these molecules. 

Ligands selected for HCIC applied to purification of antibodies, exhibit a mild hydrophobic effect, a thiophilic effect and an ionic charge at the ligand head. Table 11 shows some ligands selected for the separation of immunoglobulins by HCIC. HCIC demonstrated its effectiveness to adsorb immunoglobulins of different classes. IgG, IgM were adsorbed on the matrix in similar conditions as per protein A and protein A mimetic ligands, respectively, described in Sections V.F.ii and V.F.x. 

Figure 32.9. Schematic representation of Type I hypersensitivity. Induction Resident respiratory tract dendritic cells (DC) take and process antigen, mature, migrate to the draining lymph nodes, and present antigen to T lymphocytes. Activated T-lymphocytes, in turn, activate B-cell differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells. IL-4 promotes Ig isotype class switching from IgM to IgE and promotes mast cell development. IgE is associated with mast cells. Elicitation Allergen crosslinks the mast-cell-bound IgE, thereby causing the release of preformed mediators and cytokines. (See Table 32.7.) Inflammation and bronchoconstriction occur.

Because it is obvious that primarily the parent drug and lipophilic metabolites are found in hair, some lA are rather specific for single substances of a drug class, e.g., RIA for cocaine (Table 2) or 6-MAM. In both cases, the substance with the highest cross reactivity to the antibody is identical with the main compound excreted into hair after drug consumption. Quantitative immunological results correlate with GC/MS. In the case of the DPC-Kit for free morphine (Table 3), there are good correlations with sensitivity and results of GC/MS and/or HPLC-ECD confirmation. ... 

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