Antibiotic dusts

IV. Antibiotic Dusts Ampicillin, Benzylpenicillin, 6-AminopeniciIlanic Acid and Related Substances... 

Gilliam, M. and Argauer, R. J. 1981. Oxytetracycline Residues in Surplus Honey, Brood Nest Honey, and Larvae After Medication of Colonies of Honey Bees, Apis mellifera, with Antibiotic Extender Patties, sugar Dust, and syrup Sprays. Environmental Entomology 10 479-82. 

TABLE 2.5 Antibiotic Residues in Dust Particles Obtained from a Piggery over a 20-Year Period (1981-2000)... 

Hamscher G., H.T. Pawelzick, S. Sczesny, H. Nau, and J. Hartung (2003). Antibiotics in dust originating from a pig fattening farm A new source of health hazard for farmers Environmental Health Perspectives 111 1590-1594. 

For restless animals, the catheter can be prevented from being removed by the dog by fitting with a protective collar of the type commonly used in veterinary practice. Dusting the puncture site and fixation suture with antibiotic powder prevents inflammation. 

Although the Birch reduction (alkali metals in liquid NH3) of the pyrrole ring is apparently unknown (c/. equation 8), the partial reduction of pyrroles to 2,5-dihydropyrroles using Zn/HCl has been of considerable utility. For example, pyrrole gives 2,5-dihydropynole as the major product upon treatment with Zn dust/20% aq. HCl (equation 9), and Lemal and McGregor observed that 2,5-dimethylpyrrole gives a mixture of trans- (78%) and c/5-2,5-dimethyl-2,5-dihydropyrrole (22%) under similar conditions (47% yield). In one of these studies, Hudson and Robertson demonstrated that 2,5-dihydropyrrole is not reduced to pyrrolidine under these reaction conditions. Using these same conditions, Schumacher and Hall reported the reduction of 2-benzylpyrrole to the 2,5-dihydro derivative (67%) in a synthesis of the antibiotic anisomycin. ... 

The actinomycetes (order Actinomycetales) are nonmotile organisms that may be considered as intermediate forms between bacteria and molds. They occur abundantly in soils, composts, river and lake bottoms, in dust particles, and upon plant surfaces. The order is divided into three families comprising a number of genera. These genera are represented in nature by many thousands of species, of which several hundred have been scientifically characterized. Recent interest in the antibiotics elaborated by the actinomycetes first centered on the substance streptothricin, isolated from Streptomyces lavendulae (formerly named Actinomyces lavendulae). When this antibiotic was found to exhibit dangerous delayed toxicity effects, attention was turned to streptomycin, which had been isolated from the culture medium of a related organism. 

Powdered preparations have been used for many years in otology. These were originally applied as dusting powders for chronic otitis and were especially useful for a mastoid cavity. Before the advent of antibiotics, antiseptic and acid powders were insufflated into mastoid cavities. Unlike many other otic preparations, powders do not cause pain on administration. 

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a respiratory condition characterized by irreversible airway obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema. The major symptoms of COPD include chronic cough, increased sputum production, and dyspnea. The vast majority of patients with COPD are those who are current or former heavy smokers. Other risk factors for the development of COPD include occupational exposure (dusts, chemicals) and rare genetic disorders (a -antitrypsin deficiency). The medical management of COPD includes pharmacotherapy (bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics) in combination with interventions to reduce risk factors for disease progression (e.g., smoking cessation). Some patients require long-term administration of supplemental oxygen. 

But how would you feel if you took an aspirin, only to discover that it wasn t aspirin at all but compacted chalk dust What if you swallowed an allergy pill—and learned that it not only didn t help but also made your allergies worse Imagine what it would be like to take a liquid antibiotic only to discover that it was antifreeze for your car. These scenarios seem impossible today—but less than a hundred years ago, they were all too possible. 

L-ephedrine - nearly 400 tonnes are being produced annually using the process know-how developed by CDRI, and bioinsecticide, a dust formulation substance based on Bacillus culture expressing killer larvicide for mosquitoes produced on a 15001 scale. The formulation has undergone extensive field evaluations and is claimed to be effective on both Anopheles and Culex species. Further scale-up operations have been tried in collaboration with Hindustan Antibiotics Limited (HAL),Pimpri in 17-kl batches [Behari, personal communication]. 

Many antibiotic formulations are given in feed and as many antibiotics have allergenic properties, problems can arise in their use. Regulatory authorities now insist that such formulations are rendered dust-free by admixture with inert oils or by the production of granular formulations so that occupational exposure is minimized (76). 

In certain cases the equipment shall meet special requirements (e..g, recording devices on autoclaves, intake ports for dust on machines, especially those serving for processing certain antibiotics and hormones). 

All dust producing operations involving high potent substances, particularly antibiotics, should be conducted in confined areas that are provided with adequate exhaust systems or that are maintained under appropriate pressure, so as to prevent cross-contamination. Adequate precautions should be taken to prevent the recirculation of contaminated air. 

The antibiotic, when it comes accidentally in contact with eyes, especially following dust application, causes conjunctivities. Less injury is caused after application of wettable powder or solution. Blasticidin S may also cause inflammation of mucous membrane or of injured skin if ffiey come in contact with the antibiotic. 

The addition of calcium acetate to blasticidin S alleviated eye irritation without affecting antiblast activity and the addition of calcium acetate to the antibiotic was used in dust applications. 

Kasugamycin has been developed as a specific and effective antibiotic to control rice blast since 1965. The antibiotic controls the disease when applied at 20 ppm in aqueous solution and shows both protective and curative activity [20]. Kasugamycin has been used to control rice blast on a large scale. In practice, the antibiotic is predominantly used as a dust at 0.3% of the active ingredient. In addition, seed treatment with 2% wettable powder of kasugamycin protects rice plants against blast for one month. The antibiotic exhibits a high crop safety no phytotoxicity has been observed. 

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