Culex species

Normal Routes of Exposure Vectors (mosquitoes—Culex species, Aedes species, Cocjuillet-tidia species). 

Normal routes of exposure Vectors (mosquitoes—Culex species). 

Normal Routes of Exposure Inhalation Ingestion Abraded skin Mucous membranes Vectors (mosquitoes—Aedes species and Culex species sandflies). 

Normal Routes of Exposure Vectors (mosquitoes—Aedes species, Culex species, Psorophora species, Mansonia, species, Deinocerites species, Haemogogus species, Sabethes species, Anopheles species). 

Moore, J.B. and S.G. Breeland. 1967. Field evaluation of two mosquito larvicides, Abate and Dursban against Anopheles quadrimaculatus and associated Culex species. Mosquito News 27 105-111. 

Esterasss. Esterases are a major mechanism of resistance to organophosphates and in certain cases may also contribute resistance toward carbamates and certain pyrethroids. The role of esterases in resistance in mosquitoes and aphids has been the subject of especially fruitful research during the past few years. In collaborative studies between our laboratory and French laboratories in Montpellier, Antibes and Pau, several electrophoretic forms of esterases A and B have been identified in mosquitoes (Figure 5). Esterases Ai, A2, A4, Bi, B2, and B4 are found in the Culex pipiens complex, i.e. C. pipiens and C. quinquefasciatus. Two other forms, esterases A3 and B3, are present in C. tarsalis, and still others (not yet named) in Aedes aegypti and Ae. nigromaculis from California, C. tritaeniorhynchus from Japan (22) and various Culex species from Mexico. 

L-ephedrine - nearly 400 tonnes are being produced annually using the process know-how developed by CDRI, and bioinsecticide, a dust formulation substance based on Bacillus culture expressing killer larvicide for mosquitoes produced on a 15001 scale. The formulation has undergone extensive field evaluations and is claimed to be effective on both Anopheles and Culex species. Further scale-up operations have been tried in collaboration with Hindustan Antibiotics Limited (HAL),Pimpri in 17-kl batches [Behari, personal communication]. 

Japanese encephalitis Found in parts of Asia particularly rural areas. Quite a seasonal incidence and spread by the Culex species. A highly effective vaccine is available... 

Ross River virus Sometimes outbreaks are reported in Australia. Spread by both Aedes and Culex species. Bite avoidance is the only available preventive measure... 

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