Anthocyanins pigmentation

Stintzing, F. et al., Color and antioxidant properties of cyanidin-based anthocyanin pigments, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 6172, 2002. 

Brouillard, R. and Delaporte, B., Chemistry of anthocyanin pigments. 2. Kinetic and thermodynamic study of proton-transfer, hydration, and tautomeric reactions of mal-vidin-3-glucoside, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99, 8461, 1977. 

BronUlard, R., The chemistry of anthocyanin pigments. 7. Origin of the exceptional color stability of the zebrina anthocyanin. Phytochemistry, 20, 143, 1981. 

Many solvents such as methanol, acetone, ethanol, and water are used for anthocyanin extraction due to their polar character since most anthocyanins occur naturally as glycosides. Anthocyanin glycosides have higher solubility in water than the corresponding aglycons. In addition, in most fruits and vegetables, anthocyanin pigments are located in cells near the surface. " ... 

The pH differential method was described as a fast and convenient assay for the quantitation of monomeric anthocyanins by Giusti (2001). It was approved by the Association of OfQcial Analytical Chemists (AOAC) in 2005 as a standard method to evaluate total monomeric anthocyanin pigment content in fruit juices, beverages, natural colorants, and wines. The degradation index is the ratio between total and monomeric anthocyanins (Table 6.3.1). The content of total anthocyanins can be obtained by the single pH method and the monomeric anthocyanin by the pH differential method. ... 

Price, C. and Wrolstad, R.E., Anthocyanin pigments of Royal Okanogan Huckleberry juice, J. Food Sci., 60, 369, 1995. 

Wrolstad, R.E. et al., Use of anthocyanin pigment analysis for detecting adulteration in fruit juices, in Methods to Detect Adulteration in Fruit Juice and Beverages, Vol. 

Lee, J., Durst, R., and Wrolstad, R., AOAC official method 2005.02 total monomeric anthocyanin pigment content of fruit juices, beverages, natural colorants, and wines by the pH differential method, in Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, Horowitz, H., Ed., AOAC, Washington, D.C, 2005. 

Lopes-Da-Silva, E. et al.. Identification of anthocyanin pigments in strawherry (cv Camarosa) hy LC using DAD and ESI-MS detection, Eur. Food Res. Technol., 214, 248, 2002. 

Figure 9.4.2 General structure of an anthocyanin pigment molecule in hydrangeas.

Figure 9.4.4 The structure of the anthocyanin pigment in basic solution, no longer possessing the ortho-oriented hydroxy groups.

Rodriguez-Saona LE, Giusti MW and Wrolstad RE. 1998. Anthocyanin pigment composition of red-fleshed potatoes. J Food Sci 63 458-465. 

Sondheimer E and Karash CB. 1956. The major anthocyanin pigments of the wild strawberry (Fragaria... 

Recently, a new polyketide biosynthetic pathway in bacteria that parallels the well studied plant PKSs has been discovered that can assemble small aromatic metabolites.8,9 These type III PKSs10 are members of the chalcone synthase (CHS) and stilbene synthase (STS) family of PKSs previously thought to be restricted to plants.11 The best studied type III PKS is CHS. Physiologically, CHS catalyzes the biosynthesis of 4,2, 4, 6 -tetrahydroxychalcone (chalcone). Moreover, in some organisms CHS works in concert with chalcone reductase (CHR) to produce 4,2 ,4 -trihydroxychalcone (deoxychalcone) (Fig. 12.1). Both natural products constitute plant secondary metabolites that are used as precursors for the biosynthesis of anthocyanin pigments, anti-microbial phytoalexins, and chemical inducers of Rhizobium nodulation genes.12... 

Torreggiani, D., Fomi, E., Guercilena, I., Maestrelli, A., Bertolo, G., Archer, G.P., Kennedy, C.J., Bone, S., Blond, G., Contreras-Lopez, E., and Champion, D. 1999a. Modification of glass transition temperature through carbohydrates additions Effect upon colour and anthocyanin pigment stability in frozen strawberry juices. Food Res. Int. 32, 441 146. 

T. Shoji, A. Yanagida and T. Kanda, Gel permeation chromatography of anthocyanin pigments from rose cider and red wine. J. Agr. Food Chem. 47 (1999) 2885-2890. 

Ryu SN, Park SZ, Ho C-T (1998) High performance Uquid chromatographic determination of anthocyanin pigments in some varieties of black rice. J Pood Drug Anal 6 729-736... 

Pourcel L, Irani NG, Lu Y et al (2010) The formation of anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions in arabidopsis thaliana and implications for the sequestration of anthocyanin pigments. Molec Plant 3(l) 78-90... 

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