Anodes in lithium-ion batteries

Unfortunately, both lithium and the lithiated carbons used as the anode in lithium ion batteries (Li C, l>x>0) are thermodynamically unstable relative to solvent molecules containing polar bonds such as C-O, C-N, or C-S, and to many anions of lithium salts, solvent or salt impurities (such as water, carbon dioxide, or nitrogen), and intentionally added traces of reactive substances (additives). 

Barsukov I.V. Development of low-cost, carbonaceous materials for anodes in lithium-ion batteries - Superior Graphite Co. Snapshots of CARAT (Cooperative Automotive Research for Advanced Technology) Projects. Publication of Office of FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies, EERE, U.S. Department of Energy, 5/2003, 22-23. 

OtherCells Several other cells with zinc as an active material have been studied in recent years. The zinc-containing compounds were used as anodes in lithium-ion batteries [353-355]. One such compound is nanocrystalline ZnFe204 and AgxZnFe204 (x = 0.16, 0.37, and 0.50) [355], which have been prepared as thin films, by reactive pulsed laser deposition. Especially good performance in the battery of the Ago.3yZnFe204 film electrode has been shown. 

Imanishi N, Takeda Y, Yamamoto O. (Eds.). Development of the carbon anode in lithium ion batteries. In Wakihara M (Ed.), Lithium Ion Batteries Fundamentals and Performance. Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998 98. 

Similar to the behavior of nonactive metal electrodes described above, when carbon electrodes are polarized to low potentials in nonaqueous systems, all solution components may be reduced (including solvent, cation, anion, and atmospheric contaminants). When the cations are tetraalkyl ammonium ions, these reduction processes may form products of considerable stability that dissolve in the solution. In the case of alkali cations, solution reduction processes may produce insoluble salts that precipitate on the carbon and form surface films. Surface film formation on both carbons and nonactive metal electrodes in nonaqueous solutions containing metal salts other than lithium has not been investigated yet. However, for the case of lithium salts in nonaqueous solvents, the surface chemistry developed on carbonaceous electrodes was rigorously investigated because of the implications for their use as anodes in lithium ion batteries. We speculate that similar surface chemistry may be developed on carbons (as well as on nonactive metals) in nonaqueous systems at low potentials in the presence of Na+, K+, or Mg2+, as in the case of Li salt solutions. The surface chemistry developed on graphite electrodes was extensively studied in the following systems ... 

From an application viewpoint. Some of best application of carbon nanofibers include ACNF as anodes in lithium-ion battery. Organic removal from waste water using, ACNF as cathode catalyst or as anodes for microbial fuel ceUs (MFCs), Electrochemical properties of ACNF as an electrode for supercapacitors. Adsorption of some toxic industrial solutions and air pollutants on ACNF [108-120]. 

Mixed vanadium-chromium oxide compounds present a wide range of interesting properties for instance, they have excellent catalytic properties, and recently they were shown to be potential candidates for anodes in lithium-ion batteries. DTA, TG and powder XRD analyses were used [101] to monitor the dehydration/crystallization and phase transitions upon heat treatment of the hydrated vanadates obtained through the reaction of peroxo-polyacids of vanadium and chromium, and to determine the ranges of coexistence of the phases in equilibrium. 

The oxides of heavier, second-row transition metal elements are commonly discarded for their use in high gravimetric capacity applications. Nevertheless, an enhanced nanoscale conduction capability of a Mo02/Graphene composite for high performance anodes in lithium-ion batteries should be highlighted. The composite electrode showed a reversible capacity of 605 mA h g" in the initial cycle at current density of 540 mA g and upon increasing the current density to 2045 mA g" the electrode shows a reversible capacity of 300 mA h g" [135]. 

Bhaskar, A, Deepa, M., Rao, T. N., and Varadaraju, U. V. (2012). Enhanced nanoscale conduction capability of a MoOj/Graphene composite for high performance anodes in lithium ion batteries, y. Power Sources, 216, pp. 169-178. 

Trends in Carbon Material as an Anode in Lithium-Ion Battery... 

It is now generally accepted that the surface chemistry and morphology of the edge planes of graphite play a major role in the chemical and electrochemical reactivity of this material in contact with electrolyte. In order to determine whether there is a correlation between the composition and morphology of the SEI formed on the HOPG and on the real anode in lithium-ion batteries, we... 

To theoretically identify the SEI layer components resulting from the reduction of EC, and to explore the destructive effect of PC on the graphite anode in lithium ion batteries, the reductive decompositions of EC and PC have been... 

Inaba M. and Ogumi Z., Scanning probe microscopy of the SEI formation on graphite anode. In Lithium-Ion Batteries Solid-Electrolyte Interphase, ed. by Balbuena P. B. and Wang Y. X. (Imperial College Press, London, 2004). 

Tin pyrophosphate (SnP207) was synthesised and tested as an anode in lithium ion batteries. P MAS NMR indicates a single species near in position to that expected for Li3P04 but this species would be inconsistent with the observed phosphate reduction. Li MAS NMR shows no presence of Li20. To advance the work on the characterisation of Ti02 hetero-assemblies formed by surface modification with functional molecular materials, solid-state NMR study was carried out on the molecules chemisorption on the surface of the semiconductor by P solid-state NMR. ... 

Camean I, Garcia AB, Suelves 1 (2012) Graphitized carbon nanofibers for use as anodes in lithium-ion batteries importance of textural and structural properties. J Power Source 198 303-307... 

Tris(pentafluorophenyl) borane has been proposed as an electrolyte additive for silicon thin-fikn anodes in lithium-ion batteries (65). The introduction of tris(pentafluorophenyl) borane into the electrolyte consisting of 1 M lithium perchlorate (LiC104) in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate significantly enhances the capacity retention and the coulombic efficiency. 

Bindumadhavan K, Srivastava SK, Mahanty S (2013) M0S2-MWCNT hybrids as a superiOT anode in lithium-ion batteries. Chem Commun 49 1823-1825... 

Sethuraman VA, KowoUk K, Srivinasan V (2011) Increased cycling efficiency and rate capability of copper-coated silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries. J Power Some 196 393-398... 

Lee DJ, Ryou MH, Lee JN, Kim BG, Lee YM, Kim HW, Kong BS, Park JK, Choi JW (2013) Nitrogen-doped carbon coating for a high-performance SiO anode in lithium-ion batteries. Electrochem Commun 34 98-101... 

Sun X, Lee HS, Yang XQ, McBreen J (2003) The compatibility of a boron-based anion receptor with the carbon anode in lithium-ion batteries. Electrochem Solid State Lett 6 A43-A46... 

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