Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

It is clear that there is enormous activity in the the search for better and cheaper anode materials for Li-ion batteries. In fact, it is not certain at this time whether carbon will remain the material of choice for this application. Nevertheless, large strides toward the optimization and understanding of carbons for Li-ion batteries have been made in the last 5 to 10 years. If continued progress is made, we can expect to see carbon materials in Li-ion batteries for a long timx to come. 

S. Bourderau, T. Brousse, D.M. Schleich. Amorphous silicon as a possible anode material for Li-ion batteries Journal of Power Sources 1999 81-82 233-36. 

Further on, the Co-Ni complexes were used for modification of Hohsen Carbon type (10-10) and Hohsen Graphite type (10-28) anode materials for Li-ion batteries applying similar procedure. These anode materials were tested in 2016 size lithium coin cells with a configuration Li/electrolyte (LP-30)/(modified anode material). The coin cells were assembled by standard technology in dry atmosphere of a glove box and then... 

Letellier M., Chevallier F., Clinard C., Frackowiak E., Rouzaud J.N., Beguin F. The first in situ 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance study of lithium insertion in hard-carbon anode materials for Li-ion batteries, J. Chem. Phys. 2003 118 6038-45... 

Liu Y, Hanai K, Yang J, Imanishi N, Hirano A, Takeda Y. Silicon/carbon composites as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 2004 7 A369-A372. 

Uono H, Kim BC, Fuse T, Ue M, Yamaki JI. Optimized structure of silicon/carbon/graphite composites as an anode material for Li-ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc 2006 153 A1708-A1713. 

Ke W, He X, Wang L, Ren J, Jiang C, Wan C. Preparation of Cu6Sn5-encapsulated carbon microsphere anode materials for Li-ion batteries by carbothermal reduction of oxides. J Electrochem Soc 2006 153 A1859-A1862. 

Sharma N, Shaju KM, Subba RGV, Chowdari BVR. Sol-gel derived nano-crystalline CaSn03 as high capacity anode material for Li-ion batteries. Electrochem Commun 2002 4 947-952. 

A wide variety of carbonaceous materials can intercalate or insert lithium reversibly and thus may be candidates for anodes for lithium ion batteries. In recent years, many types of carbons have been tested as alternative anodes for rechargeable lithium batteries, part of which have found use as anodes in practical, commercial lithium ion batteries. The most straightforward way of classifying these electrodes is according to the type of the carbon, which determines their capacity and basic electrochemical behavior. The major types of carbons tested in recent years as anode materials for Li ion batteries are listed below ... 

Mao, O., and Dahn, J.R., Mechanically alloyed Sn-Fe(-C) powders as anode materials for Li-ion batteries 111. Sn2Fe SnFe3C active/inactive composites, J. Electrochem. Soc., 146, 423, 1999. 

Kim, I.S., Blomgren, G.E., and Kumta, P.N., Nano structured Si/TiB2 nanocomposites anode materials for Li-ion batteries, Electrochem. Solid State Lett., 6, A157, 2003. 

Mechanically blended composite of nanosized Ti02 and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has also been used as potential anode materials for Li-ion batteries. It was found that the ri02/CNTs nanocomposite exhibited an improved cycling stability and higher reversible capacity than CNTs. The reversible capacity of the ri02/CNTs composite reached... 

Chowdari BVR, Dong ZL, Shaju KM, Sharma N, Subba Rao GV, White TJ. 2004. Carbon-coated nanophase CaMo04 as anode material for Li ion batteries. Chem Mater 76 504-512. 

Wang, Q., et al. (2002). Novel spherical microporous carbon as anode material for Li-ion batteries. Solid State Ionics, 152-153 pp. 43-50. 

Hu, J., Li, H., and Huang, X. (2007). Electrochemical behavior and microstructure variation of hard carbon nano-spherules as anode material for Li-ion batteries. Soiid State Ionics, 178(3-4) pp. 265-271. 

Brumbarov, ]., and Kunze-Liebhauser, J. (2014]. Silicon on conductive self-organized TiOj nanotubes A high capacity anode material for Li-ion batteries,/ Power Sources, 258, pp. 129-133. 

The nanocomposite of Si/PANI has also been prepared as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. Cai et al have reported that the nano-Si/PANI composite showed improved cyclability and excellent rate performance attributed to the nano-Si particles electrically connected by the nest-like PANI, by which the dispersity of the nano-Si was greatly enhanced and the conductivity could be improved too (Figure 7.14) [95]. 

As previously discussed, metal oxides show great promise as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. This is due to their high theoretical capacities compared to graphite, which is often used commercially (>800 mA h g versus 370 mA h g respectively). The reduction in particle size also allows for shorter Li diffusion pathways, which may enhance electrochemical performance. With this in mind, Ming et al. have established a... 

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