Anode Li-

V2O5-P205 (95 5, molar ratio) cathode and a lithium anode (Li/a-V205 cell) [1]. In this section, we describe safety test results for AA Li/a- V2Os cells. The AA cell we fabricated has a pressure vent, a Polyswitch (PS, Raychem Co., thermal and current fuse) and is composed of a spirally wound cathode sheet, a metallic Li-based anode sheet and a polyethylene (PE) separator [87]. 

Figure 50. Galvonostatic cycling of anode (Li/graphite) and cathode (Li/LiJV[n204) half-cells using 1.0 m LiPFe in FPMS/EMC 1 1 and 1 2 mixture solvents, respectively. i = 0.001 mA cm 2. (Reproduced with permission from ref 314 (Figure 8). Copyright 2002 The Electrochemical Society.)...

Ionically conducting polymers and their relevance to lithium batteries were mentioned in a previous section. However, there are several developments which contain both ionically conducting materials and other supporting agents which improve both the bulk conductivity of these materials and the properties of the anode (Li)/electrolyte interface in terms of resistivity, passivity, reversibility, and corrosion protection. A typical example is a composite electrolyte system comprised of polyethylene oxide, lithium salt, and A1203 particles dispersed in the polymeric matrices, as demonstrated by Peled et al. [182], By adding alumina particles, a new conduction mechanism is available, which involved surface conductivity of ions on and among the particles. This enhances considerably the overall conductivity of the composite electrolyte system. There are also a number of other reports that demonstrate the potential of these solid electrolyte systems [183],... 

First-principles calculation on lithium transition metal oxides of positive electrodes for lithium-ion batteries have been done by many researchers [17-20]. In general the open-circuit voltage EocvM depends on the difference in the Li chemical potential between anode Li metal and cathode. In this paper, we have investigated the possibility of using the metal oxide powders for anodic electrode as active materials and find out their electrochemical performance through the calculation. The first-principles calculation in this paper for the voltages was carried out as follows ... 

Anode Li+ accepting material Graphite, Lithium metal, SnO, Lithium alloy... 

J.O. Besenhard, M. Watchler, M. Winter, J. Yang, J. Albering, Small Particle Size Li-alloy Anodes Li-alloy Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries, The First Hawaii Battery Conference, Big Island of Hawaii, January 5-7, (1998). 

As shown in the schematic in Fig. 4.1, the Li-air battery consists of lithium metal as anode, Li-ion conducting organic/aqueous electrol d e, and a porous cathode composed of carbon, catalyst, and binder. During discharge, lithium metal is oxidized to lithium ions and releases electrons as described by the following half-cell reaction... 

FIGURE 15.12 Load voltage vs. discharge state for uncoated and P2VP-coated anode Li/Ij batteries discharged at 6.7 lA/cm. 37°C. (Courtesy of Medtronic, Inc.)... 

It has been suggested that in practical non-aqueous lithium battery systems the anode (Li or graphite) is always covered by a surface layer named the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), 1-3 run thick, which is instantly formed by the reaction of the metal with the electrolyte. This film, which acts as an interphase between the metal and the solution, has the properties of a solid electrolyte. This layer has a corrosive effect and grows with the cycling life of the battery [52], Thermodynamic stability of a lithium cell requires the electrochemical potentials of electrodes a and Ec located within the energetic window of the electrolyte, which contrains the cell voltage Eq of th electrochemical ceU to ... 

Fig. 7.61 Charging and discharging curves of high performetnce cells with Li as anode, Li Co02(a), LixNi02(b), LixMn204(c) as cathodes. The crystal structure of the latter is of the spinel type. From Ref. [650].

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