Anode materials dominant

The rapid spread of mobile phones was the main driver of LIB demand during this period, and a flat discharge profile is preferable for mobile phone applications. Graphite thus became the dominant anode material, with many variations developed to achieve lower cost and increased capacity. Among the various types of graphite, modified natural graphite has become the most common. 

Hitherto, graphitic carbons are still the dominant anode materials for LIBs. This indicates the importance of carbonaceous anode materials in LIBs. Here, we mainly introduce CNTs and carbon nanofibers as anode candidates for LIBs. 

FTIR and Raman spectroscopy of nano-SnO anodes at different discharge states in rechargeable lithium batteries have been investigated. The structure and the composition of the SEI layer are characterized with HRTEM and FTIR spectroscopy, respectively. It is found that irreversible reduction of SnO and electrolyte decomposition lead to capacity loss of the metal oxide anodes in the first cycle. Similar to the SEI layer on carbonaceous anode materials, the main components in the SEI layer on discharged nano-SnO electrode include Li COj and ROCOjLi. The reduction of SnO anode is determined to occur above 1.2V and last until rather low voltages. The formation of Li COj dominates the solvent reduction above 0.9V (vs Li/Li ) while the formation of ROCO Li mainly takes place below 0.9V. 

High-temperature oxidation and corrosion behaviors of Ni-Fe-Cr alloy as inert anodes for aluminum electrolysis have been studied in oxygen and molten electrolyte. The oxidation and corrosion scales on the anodes tested were analyzed using XRD and SEM-EDS. The oxidation rate is found to increase with increasing temperature from 700 °C to 950 °C, which can be approximately described by an inverse power rate function. The oxidation scales at 750 °C, 920 °C and 950 °C contain Cr-rich phase along with FeCr204 and (Eeo.eCro.4)203. The corrosion extent of Ni-Fe-Cr anodes in electrolyte is dominated by temperature, which can make the scales thickness double from 700 °C to 750 °C or from 920 °C to 950 °C. Cr and Fe in the scales on the anode in electrolysis corrode preferentially into the molten electrolyte, while the nickel oxides could better sustain the corrosive environment in electrolysis. The results can be useful for developing inert anode material for potential application in aluminum electrolysis. 

Scrap steel and iron represent consumable anode material and have been used in the form of abandoned pipes, railroad or well casings, as well as any other scrap steel beams or tubes. These anodes found application particularly in the early years of impressed current CP installations. Because the dominant anode reaction is iron dissolution, gas production is restricted at the anode. The use of carbonaceous backfill assists in reducing the electrical resistance to ground associated with the buildup of corrosion products. Periodic flooding with water can also alleviate resistance problems in dry soils. 

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