Animal liver targeting

In acute animal studies, target organs identical to those observed in humans (central nervous system, liver, and kidney) have been identified. Studies in mice and rats have also shown that exposure to concentrations ranging up to 3 00 ppm, 6 hours/day for 7 days can produce concentration-dependent lesions in the nasal passages. ... 

Exposure Routes, Symptoms, Target Organs (see Table 5) ER Inh, Abs, Ing, Con SY Head, dizz nau, vomit, mal, svireat myoclonic limb jerks clonic, tonic convuls coma [care] in animals liver, kidney damage TO CNS, liver, kidneys, skin [in animals lung, liver, thyroid adrenal gland tumors] First Aid (see Table 6) Eye Irr immed Skin Soap virash immed Breath Resp support Swallow Medical attention immed... 

The acute inhalation and oral toxicity is low in test animals. The target organs are the respiratory system, central nervous system, liver, skin, and eyes. The toxic symptoms from inhalation of its vapors are drowsiness, incoordination, and liver injury. Repeated exposures at 1000 ppm caused changes in the Inngs, liver, and kidney no effects were observed at 200 ppm (Patty 1963). Exposure above 1000 ppm produced narcosis in animals. The vapors are an irritant to the eyes and nose. 

Reports on chronic effects of cadmium on human liver function are rare. In experimental animals, liver also accumulates substantial amounts of cadmium after both acute and chronic poisoning (Kotsonis and Klaassen 1977, 1978), which results in hepatic injury with both types of exposure (Dudley et al. 1982 Stowe et al. 1972 Faeder et al. 1977). Dudley et al. (1982) demonstrated that liver is a target organ after acute exposure and that the liver injury may play a role in the lethality of animals soon after exposure. The prominent morphological changes after an acute high dose of cadmium... 

The primary systemic targets of endosulfan toxicity in animals following dermal exposure are the liver and kidney. Adverse hematological effects have also been observed following dermal administration of endosulfan. No studies were located regarding musculoskeletal effects in humans or animals after dermal exposure to endosulfan. 

Comparative Toxicokinetics. In humans, the targets for trichloroethylene toxicity are the liver, kidney, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. Experimental animal studies support this conclusion, although the susceptibilities of some targets, such as the liver, appear to differ between rats and mice. The fact that these two species could exhibit such different effects allows us to question which species is an appropriate model for humans. A similar situation occurred in the cancer studies, where results in rats and mice had different outcomes. The critical issue appears to be differences in metabolism of trichloroethylene across species (Andersen et al. 1980 Buben and O Flaherty 1985 Filser and Bolt 1979 Prout et al. 1985 Stott et al. 1982). Further studies relating the metabolism of humans to those of rats and mice are needed to confirm the basis for differences in species and sex susceptibility to trichloroethylene s toxic effects and in estimating human heath effects from animal data. Development and validation of PBPK models is one approach to interspecies comparisons of data. 

The matrices to be validated depend on the target/purpose of the study, e.g., blood, urine, muscle, or liver. The latter two may be covered by methods developed for food of animal origin. The method must take into account all relevant compounds used in the assessment of risk to consumers/operators or bystanders. The required LOQ... 

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