Nomenclature anhydrides

Anhydride nomenclature is very simple the word acid is changed to anhydride in both the common name and the IUPAC name (rarely used). The following examples show the names of some common anhydrides ... 

This chapter concerns the preparation and reactions of acyl chlorides acid anhydrides thioesters esters amides and nitriles These com pounds are generally classified as carboxylic acid derivatives and their nomenclature is based on that of carboxylic acids... 

Berzehus (19) further appHed and amplified the nomenclature introduced by Guyton de Morveau and Lavoisier. It was he who divided the elements into metalloids (nonmetals) and metals according to their electrochemical character, and the compounds of oxygen with positive elements (metals) into suboxides, oxides, and peroxides. His division of the acids according to degree of oxidation has been Httie altered. He introduced the terms anhydride and amphoteric and designated the chlorides in a manner similar to that used for the oxides. 

This article discusses the benzenepolycarboxyhc acids, their anhydrides, and their esters. Table 1 includes lUPAC nomenclature, common names, and CAS Registry Numbers for the benzenepolycarboxyhc acids. These acids and anhydrides are highly stable. The carboxyUc acid groups provide from two to six sites for reaction for a wide variety of products, mostly polymers and plasticizers. 

Homofolic acid, 5,11-methenyl-tetrahydro-biological activity, 3, 327 Homofolic acid, tetrahydro-biological activity, 3, 327 Homoisoflavanones occurrence, 3, 722 thermoisomerization, 3, 722 thermolysis, 3, 728 Homolytic reactions heterocyclic compounds reviews, 1, 74 Homophthalic acid isocoumarins synthesis from, 3, 830 synthesis, 3, 830 Homophthalic anhydride isochroman-l-one synthesis from, 3, 860 20a-Homoporphyrin nomenclature, 1, 30 Homopterocarpin isolation, 4, 998 ( )- D- Homotestosterone synthesis, 1, 453 Homer-Emmons reaction chromene synthesis by, 3, 749 Hortiacine isolation, 3, 149 Hortiamine isolation, 3, 149... 

However, most coupling chemistries do not go to completion so that the substrate will contain a mixture of functional groups capped with attached probe (SR) while others remain free (S ). These residual reachve functional groups must be capped or blocked in some manner to reduce nonspecific binding to the microarray. Residual surface amines may be capped by reaction with succinic anhydride. This renders the support neutral (SR). Using this abbreviated nomenclature, we can describe common surface modifications for microarray substrates. 

In Chapter 9 you see the basic structure of each of the carboxylic acids and Ccirboxylic acid derivatives. In this chapter we focus on the carboxylic acids and related compounds, such as esters, acyl chlorides, and acid anhydrides, and we also include some information on amides (see Chapter 13 for an additional examination of cimides). Before you can get into synthesis and reactions, though, you need to understand the structure and nomenclature of these compounds. 

Functional modifiers are used in binary nomenclature to name anhydrides, e.g. acetic anhydride for (CH3-C0)20, and derivatives of ketones and aldehydes such as oximes, hydrazones and semicarbazones, e.g. acetone oxime for (CH3)2C=NOH. 

The nomenclature for this homologous series is somewhat confused. The term PANs has been used historically to denote peroxyacyl nitrates, and this terminology continues to be used extensively in the literature, despite the lack of adherence to traditional IUPAC rules of nomenclature. Because the PANs can be considered to be mixed anhydrides of carboxylic acids and nitric acid, another suggestion (Roberts, 1990) has been peroxyacetic nitric anhydride for CH,C(0)00NO2 and peroxy carboxylic nitric anhydrides for the whole class of compounds. Although it does not follow the IUPAC rules, it would be consistent with the widespread use of the name PAN but also reflect the structure more accurately. Table 6.20 shows the structures and commonly used names of some PANs that have been observed in the atmosphere and/or in laboratory studies. 

Other commercial copolymers which are typically random are those of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate (Vinylite), isobutylene and isoprene (butyl rubber), styrene and butadiene (SBR), and acrylonitrile and butadiene (NBR). The accepted nomenclature is illustrated by EP, which is designated poly-ethylene-co-propylene the co designating that the polymer is a copolymer. When the copolymers are arranged in a regular sequence in the chains, i.e., ABAB, the copolymer is called an alternating copolymer. A copolymer consisting of styrene and maleic anhydride (SMA) is a typical alternating copolymer. 

Nitrous oxide, or a gas with an analogous composition, is the anhydride of hyponitrous acid, H2N202, and could be called hyponitrous anhydride. Owing to our defective notation, it cannot be called nitrous anhydride by analogy with the nomenclature employed in many other cases. Nitrous anhydride, N203, is the anhydride of nitrous acid, HN02. To adjust the nomenclature, nitrous oxide would have to be called hyponitrous oxide. While the action of water on nitrous or hyponitrous anhydride does not form hyponitrous acid, yet the dehydration of hyponitrous acid by cone, sulphuric acid forms nitrous or hyponitrous oxide ... 

Such oxides may therefore be considered as acid anhydrides. Table above shows a selection of oxoacids with their anhydrides and illustrates the conventional nomenclature. For example, sulphurous and sulphuric acids are display the lower (+4) and higher (+6) oxidation state, respectively, and their anions are called sulphite and sulphate. 

The nomenclature of copolymers includes the names of the monomers separated by the interfix co-. Thus 1-25 would be poly(vinylchloride-co-vinyl acetate). The first monomer name is that of the major component, if there is one. This system applies strictly only to copolymers in which the monomers are arranged more or less randomly. If the comonomers are known to alternate, as in 1-26, the name would be poly(styrene-a//-maleic anhydride). Interfixes may be omitted when the name is frequently used, as in styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers (Section 1.5.3). 

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