And cretinism

A number of dietary deficiencies may increase the risk of deleterious cyanide effects. Iodine deficiency is involved in the etiology of such thyroid disorders as goiter and cretinism. These disorders may be exacerbated by excess exposure to cyanide (Delange and Ermans 1971 Ermans et al. 1972). Protein deficiencies and vitamin B12, riboflavin and other vitamins and elemental deficiencies may subject people... 

Ermans AM, Nbulamoko NM, Delange F, et al., eds. 1980. Role of cassava in the etiology of endemic goitre and cretinism. Ottawa, Canada International Development Research Centre, 1-182. 

Goh KO. Radioiodine treatment during pregnancy chromosomal aberrations and cretinism associated with maternal iodine-131 treatment. J Am Med Womens Assoc 1981 36(8) 262-5. 

There are many forms of hypothyroidism, differing in their cause and age of onset (see Table 31-1). Severe adult hypothyroidism (myxedema) may occur idio-pathically or may be caused by specific factors such as autoimmune lymphocytic destruction (Hashimoto disease). In the child, thyroid function may be congenitally impaired, and cretinism will result if this condition is untreated. Hypothyroidism may result at any age if the dietary intake of iodine is extremely low. Several other forms of hypothyroidism that have a genetic or familial basis also exist.54... 

Iodine Component of the thyroid hormones prevents goiter and cretinism Men women 150 pg/d... 

In areas where there is also low iodine in the diet a further complication may arise. The thiocyanate that is formed from the cyanide inhibits the uptake of iodine into the thyroid gland. Iodine is used to make hormones that regulate the metabolism of the body, and its deficiency leads to goitre (enlarged thyroid) and cretinism (mental retardation) in the offspring of women with the disorder. 

Matovinovic, J. (1983). Endemic goiter and cretinism at the dawn of the third millennium. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 3, 341-412. 

Thyroid extract is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism, myxedema, and cretinism. It is also used as a diagnostic agent and for suppression of pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone. Synthetic derivatives are preferred because of uniform potency. 

A second example of an application of the controlled-release technology developed by Rhone-Poulenc is the Rhodifuse lode system (ref. 6). This system is commercialized by Rhone-Poulenc RORER for the treatment of iodine deficiency. Lack of iodine in the diet can cause serious disorders such as goiter and cretinism in adults, growth disorders in children, and fetal death in pregnant women. This... 

Iodine deficiency causes goiter in animals (and cretinism in humans) (Meng 1992, Anke et al. 2000). Iodine is a component of the important thyroid hormones, and... 

In 1895, Baumann discovered the high iodine levels in the thyroid. The first large-scale trials with iodine were successfully carried out between 1917 and 1935 in the USA and Switzerland (Marine and Kimball 1922, Kelly and Snedden 1960). However, following the introduction of iodized salt in 1922, the incidence of goiter fell rapidly, and cretins were no longer born (Hetzel... 

Around 1850 iodine in drinking water was suggested to be associated with the development of goiter and cretinism. 

A decline in the prevalence of goiter and cretinism was also noted by the Sardinia Commission. A further decline was apparent in the first half of the twentieth century in Cantons, Switzerland, where iodized salt had not been introduced this also occurred in northern Italy (Costa et al., 1964). 

The WHO (1990) has estimated that 20 million worldwide from an at-risk population of 1 billion are suffering from varying degrees of preventable brain damage, based on a ratio of three to one for the estimates of the numbers of subcretins and cretins. ... 

Experimental Models of Iodine Deficiency and Cretinism during Development The Role of the Mother... 

Goiter, hypothyroidism and cretinism are expressions of severe ID. It is also well-known that iodine-deficient mothers are more likely to have miscarriages and defective offspring than their iodine-sufficient peers (Dunn, 1997). 

---