And cognition

Benzodiazepines. Several BZs have anticonvulsant activity and ate used for the treatment of epilepsy producing their anticonvulsant actions via interactions with the GABA /BZ receptor complex to enhance inhibitory GABAergic transmission (1). The anticonvulsant actions of the BZs tend to tolerate upon chronic usage in six months, and BZs also lead to withdrawal symptomatology. Other side effects include sedation, ataxia, and cognitive impairment. 

The compounds used to palliate the mnemonic and cognitive decline associated with dementia include cerebral vasodilators and the so-called nootropic agents. These materials enhance cerebral metaboHsm. Agents which enhance neurotransmitter function are in most cases cholinergic. 

Acetyl-i-carnitine (4) is marketed in Italy for dementia as of this writing it is also in Phase III clinical trials in the United States and Europe. In a double-blind, placebo-controUed clinical trial over a one-year period involving 130 patients with clinically diagnosed AD, a slower rate of deterioration in 13 of the 14 outcome measures was observed in the dmg-treated group (28). Earfler smaller scale pilot studies in demented patients had also shown some improvement of various behavioral and cognitive functions (29). 

FIGURE 3.5. Individual and Cognitive Phenomena under Stress (Kontogiannis and... 

In general, HTA, IMAS, and CADET fulfill most of the above criteria, hence they can be used together as a framework for carrying out both action and cognitive task analysis. When particular aspects of the human-machine interaction must be examined in greater detail for example, the temporal characteristics of the task or the team communications, certain methods can be selected to provide this information—OSDs in this case. Most TA methods... 

Human error Physical and cognitive actions by designers, operators, or managers that may contribute to or result in undesired events. 

Historically ganglionic nAChR have been targets for treating hypertension. The discovery of a large family of nAChR subtypes in the CNS, coupled with observations that nicotine has anti-nociceptive, neuro-protective and cognitive effects, has led to the recognition that neuronal nAChR are potential targets... 

SWS/SWA, in particular, may play an important role in somatic and cognitive restoration, including the consolidation of certain forms of procedural and declarative memory. A substantial diminution in the amount of SWS/SWA occurs across the human lifespan. This decline is beginning already in adolescence and middle-aged adults have only 25% of the SWS observed in young adults, whereas the elderly have almost none. While the clinical importance of these phenomena is unknown, it is reasonable to speculate that they may be related to the increase of sleep complaints associated with aging. 

Some antianxiety drug, such as buspirone (BuSpar), seem to have less abuse potential and less effect on motor ability and cognition than that of Hie other anfianxiety drug. 

Behavioral records should be written at periodic intervals (frequency depends on hospital or unit guidelines). An accurate description of die patient s behavior and cognitive ability aids the primary health care provider in planning tiierapy and thus becomes an... 

Other systems also interact with glutamate. Activation of L-type voltagegated calcium channels (VGCC) occurs with NMDA receptor activation. Lamotrigine blocks several ion channels, including P- and N-type VGCC channels, an action that blocks the euphoric effects of ketamine and reduces dysphoric and cognitive effects (Hundt et al. 1998). Other modulatory sites,... 

Anton RF, Moak DH, Latham PK, et al Posttreatment results of combining naltrexone and cognitive-behavior therapy for the treatment of alcoholism. J Clin Psycho-pharmacol 21 72—77, 2000... 

Although the evidence base for this relatively rare disorder is not well developed, patients who are dependent on GHB appear to benefit from cognitive and motivational psychosocial therapies and from support of recovery in a manner similar to alcohol-dependent patients. However, because of the high likelihood of amnesia and cognitive dysfunction during the acute and subacute phases of GHB withdrawal, psychosocial interventions should, when possible, include significant others who can review and reinforce with the patient the negative consequences of GHB dependence. 

Parrott AC, LaskyJ Ecstasy (MDMA) effects upon mood and cognition before, during and after a Saturday night dance. Psychopharmacology (Bed) 139 261—268,1998 Pederson W, Skrondal A Ecstasy and new patterns of drug use a normal population study. Addiction 94 1695—1706, 1999... 

Hall SM, Reus VI, Munoz RF, et al Nortriptyline and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of cigarette smoking. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55 683-690, 1998 Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Reus VI, et al Psychological intervention and antidepressant treatment in smoking cessation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59 930-936, 2002 Hayford KE, Patten CA, Rummans TA, et al Efficacy of bupropion for smoking cessation in smokers with a former history of major depression or alcoholism. Br J Psychiatry 174 173-178, 1999... 

Anton RF, Moak DH, Waid LR, et al Naltrexone and cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of outpatient alcoholics results of a placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 156 1758—1764, 1999... 

Carroll KM, Sinha R, Nich C, er al Conringency management to enhance naltrexone treatment of opioid dependence a randomized clinical trial of reinforcement magnitude. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 10 5d—63, 2002 Carroll KM, Fenron LR, Ball SA, er al Efficacy of disulfiram and cognitive behavior rherapy in cocaine-dependenr ourparienrs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61 264—272, 2004... 

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