And cell swelling

Failure Marked impairment of energy homeostasis with volume contraction impaired mitochondrial reductive activity with decreased ATP concentration (e.g., MTT, Alamar blue) organelle and cell swelling and distortion, cell lysis with intracellular enzyme release (e.g., LDFf release)... 

Oncosis/ necrosis is characterized by organelle and cell swelling, cell rupture, and release of intracellular contents, which initiates an inflammatory response that is not observed in apoptosis. It is common for some toxicants to cause apoptosis at low concentrations and oncosis at high concentrations. Because apoptosis is an ATP-dependent process, nephrotoxicants that target the mitochondria and/or induce a decreased ATP predominantly cause oncosis rather than apoptosis [51, 52]. If cellular ATP levels are low and the mitochondrial membrane potential is quickly lost, then oncosis... 

On the eleventh day after operation, in the case of the control animals a complete epithelization of the whole traumatized comeal surface took place. However, the thickness of the regenerating bed was not uniform over its entire surface. Thickened sites with epithelium growing deep down alternated with thin sites poorly bonded to subjacent coimective tissue of the cornea itself. On the periphery of the cornea itself, the cells were more differentiated fascicles of friable collagenic fibers were located at random, inter-fascicle glottis was poorly expressed, and a small amount of chemosis of tissue and cell swelling was observed. 

As to its involvement in sports, alanine has generally not been studied or used alone as an ergogenic substance. However, its role in energy metabolism and cell swelling (cellular hydration) has led to its incorporation in different dietary supplement mixtures for athletes attempting to maximize PS, minimize skeletal muscle protein catabolism, or improve performance (see Section 15.7.3). 

The recording of optical changes in brain tissue slices was pioneered by Lipton (72), who used a photodiode to measure reflectance at 176 degrees from the surface of hippocampal slices submerged in a bath medium. Electrical stimulation led to decrease in scattering, which was attributed to cell swelling. The association between transparency and cell swelling had been established on the basis of experiments with cell suspensions (41), and protein solutions (42). 

Some of the discomfort of warm environments, the perception of skin moisture, and the interactions of clothing fabrics with the skin may be due to the moisture itself. The skin s outer layer of dead squamous cells of the stratum corneum can readily absorb or lose water. With moisture addition, the cells swell and soften. With drying, they shrink and become hard. In this setting the skin s moisture may be better indicated or characterized by the relative humidity of the skin (RH i ) rather than skin wettedness,-" ... 

Frequently, the EAR is followed by a late phase response 4-6 h later and it is caused by the pulmonary sequestration of eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, and T-lymphocytes. This leukocyte recruitment depends on mast cell-derived mediators such as TNFa and various chemokines, as well as on the expression of adhesion molecules on leukocytes (e.g. VLA-4, CD11/18) and vascular endothelial cells (e.g. VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin). Products of these leukocytes have several functions First, they cause the second phase of bron-choconstriction, mucus secretion, and airway swelling second, they cause tissue destruction third, they launch and entertain the chronic inflammation. 

The disruption of C1C-2 in mice leads to male infertility, blindness, and leukodystrophy, and was attributed to defective extracellular ion homeostasis in narrow clefts. C1C-2 yields currents that slowly activate upon hyperpolarization. It is also activated by cell swelling and by extracellular acidification. Structural determinants that are essential for these types of activation were identified by mutagenesis. There is a report that C1C-2 might be mutated in human epilepsy, but this has not been confirmed in fiuther studies. 

Cells are normally kept at osmotic (water activity) equilibrium by the action of the Na-pump. Inhibition of the pump with the specific Na -K -ATPase inhibitor, ouabain, causes cell swelling as does inhibition of it by hypothermia. The intracellular environment contains a high concentration of K (100 to 120 mM, in most mammalian cells), lower concentrations of Na (about 10 to 30 mM), and high... 

Lactobionic acid lOOmM Impermeant, suppresses cell swelling, Ca and Fe chelator... 

As observed by Celus, a Roman physician during the first century A.D., the four cardinal signs characterize inflammation swelling, redness, heat, and pain. Swelling/edema occurs in response to the accumulation of fluids from damaged capillaries following injury. Increased fluid accumulation leads to increase capillary permeability. Histamine, produced and released by resident mast cells, also... 

Pectins is a general term for a group of natural polymers based on polymerized galacturonic acid partly esterified with methanol. In addition these polymers must be considered as copolymers due to existence of neutral sugar branched zones. [1]. Some uronic acid units may also be esterified on 0-2 or 0-3 position with acetic acid. The pectins occur in the cell wall of higher plants and control at least partly the mechanical properties, the ion exchange properties and the swelling of the cell walls. 

Recent studies by Crompton et al. have shown that oxidant stress may open a Ca-sensitive, non-selective pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane that is blocked by cyclosporin A (Crompton, 1990 Crompton and Costi, 1990). This pore opening results in massive mitochondrial swelling, dissipation of the transmembrane proton gradient and disruption of mitochondrial energy production (Crompton et al., 1992). Since mitochondria may play a role as a slow, high-capacity cytosolic calcium buffer (Isenberg et al., 1993), disruption of mitochondrial function may also contribute to calcium overload and cell injury. 

TNF-a can mediate death of sensitive cells via apoptosis or necrosis (necrotic death is characterized by clumping of the nuclear chromatin, cellular swelling, disintegration of intracellular organelles and cell lysis apoptotic death is characterized by cellular shrinking, formation of dense apoptotic masses and DNA fragmentation). 

Many of the morphological and biochemical changes that occur in cells that die by necrosis are very different from those that occur in apoptosis. During necrosis cells swell, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum lose their structure and become dysfunctional and the nuclear membrane becomes disrupted (Fig. 35-1). Necrotic death is independent of premitochondrial apoptotic proteins such as Bax, cytochrome c release and caspase activation. Necrosis is further distinguished from apoptosis by the fact that necrosis usually occurs as the result of a traumatic physical injury or stroke and cells die en masse, whereas apoptosis typically occurs in individual cells within a population of surviving neighbors. 

Necrosis is a dramatic and very rapid form of cell death in which essentially every compartment of the cell disintegrates. Necrosis is characterized by marked dysregulation of ion homeostasis resulting in cell swelling, dilation of mitochondria and the ER and the formation of vacuoles in the cytoplasm [33], Proteases play important roles in the degradation of cells during necrosis. In contrast to apoptosis, where caspases are the key death proteases, calpains and lysosomal proteases (cathepsins B and D, in particular) are major players in necrosis. Caspases may be activated in response to mitochondrial damage and... 

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