Analysis and Discussion

For the analysis of the secondary reaction channels, the forward convolution technique is also used, but with additional averaging over the velocities of the fragmenting products of the primary reaction channel [11], Here, the decomposing species are no longer traveling in a well-collimated molecular beam with a narrow velocity distribution. On the contrary, these species have recoiled from the molecular beam in all directions with velocity distributions defined by the primary decomposition. 

As is true for the primary dissociation step, the secondary fragments recoil in all directions, so there is not a single secondary vector, but a family of them. The tips of the resultant vectors obtained from summing each of these secondary velocities with the molecular beam velocity and with the primary velocity all fall on the large circle in Fig. 2. As is true for the primary steps, the laboratory velocities corresponding to these center-of-mass velocities may be obtained from the intersection of these circles with the lines indicating the molecular beam-to-detector angles. 

The full Newton diagram is much more complicated than what is shown in Fig. 2. First, there is a set of secondary velocity vectors originating at the tip of every primary velocity vector. The circle corresponding to only one such set is shown. Second, although the detected laboratory velocity must be in the plane containing the molecular beam and detector axes (the plane of Fig. 2), the primary and secondary vectors may be out of this plane. For example, the primary step may be such that the fragment velocitj is out of the plane, but tbe secondary velocity may be such that the resultant 

The extensive fragmentation of TNAZ and its reaction products upon electron impact ionization necessitates caution in the assignment of features in the time-of-flight data to specific reaction channels. To identify the primary decomposition step, the laser fluence is reduced until a single 

The shape of the translational energy distribution reveals information on the dynamics of the dissociation. The translational energy distribution shown in Fig. 12 for Reaction 1 peaks at zero kinetic energy and extends to 

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In short, we return to C. P. Snow s recommendation that the scientist and humanist converse more. The conversations, analysis, and discussion should include the third culture, the technologist. Therefore, although we have not provided specihc and detailed analysis of issues related to computer use in the pharmaceutical industry, believing as we do that that sort of analysis is for the specialized philosopher doing conceptual analysis in computers ethics, we do urge that applied philosophers be part of the research team. Also, in the dynamic and flexible world of technology, applied philosophers—not just the people in the held of computers—should help draft policy statements and codes of conduct. 

Knowledge of the identity of phenolic compounds in food facilitates the analysis and discussion of potential antioxidant effects. Thus studies of phenolic compounds as antioxidants in food should usually by accompanied by the identification and quantification of the phenols. Reversed-phase HPLC combined with UV-VIS or electrochemical detection is the most common method for quantification of individual flavonoids and phenolic acids in foods (Merken and Beecher, 2000 Mattila and Kumpulainen, 2002), whereas HPLC combined with mass spectrometry has been used for identification of phenolic compounds (Justesen et al, 1998). Normal-phase HPLC combined with mass spectrometry has been used to identify monomeric and dimeric proanthocyanidins (Lazarus et al, 1999). Flavonoids are usually quantified as aglycones by HPLC, and samples containing flavonoid glycosides are therefore hydrolysed before analysis (Nuutila et al, 2002). 

Chemical process data inherently contain some degree of error, and this error may be random or systematic. Thus, the application of data reconciliation techniques allows optimal adjustment of measurement values to satisfy material and energy constraints. It also makes possible the estimation of unmeasured variables. It should be emphasized that, in today s highly competitive world market, resolving even small errors can lead to significant improvements in plant performance and economy. This book attempts to provide a comprehensive statement, analysis, and discussion of the main issues that emerge in the treatment and reconciliation of plant data. 

Raman and IR of L2Fe2(CC 6, L = S ligand. Vibrational analysis and discussion of Raman intensities... 

In principle, the trends should be exactly opposite for ICT probes carrying the receptor in the acceptor fragment. However, as can be seen for 9 in Fig. 3 and some other probes of this type (e.g., in [50-52]), the relationship is not straightforward. Moreover, since the literature on acceptor-type ICT probes is much less abundant than on their donor counterparts, the database for a comprehensive analysis and discussion is still rather weak and further conclusions will not be drawn here. 

The following analysis and discussion of protein structure is based almost exclusively on the results of three-dimensional X-ray crystallography of globular proteins. In addition, one structure is included that was determined by electron diffraction (purple membrane protein), and occasional reference is made to particularly relevant results from other experimental techniques or from theoretical calculations. Even with this deliberately restricted viewpoint the total amount of information involved is immense. Millions of independent parameters have been determined by protein crystallography, and the relationships among almost any subset of them are of potential interest. A major aim of the present study is to provide a guide map for use in exploring this forest of information. 

The experiments described above were performed at LURE in collaboration with J. Lecante, whom we gratefully thank. The analysis and discussion of the surface vibrational anisotropies has been done in collaboration with G. Treglia and M. C. Desjounqueres. LURE is a French national facility, supported by the CNRS, CEA and MEN. 

The commercial composite materials being marketed today are optimized in order to make the interfacial properties acceptable in the sense that they will not fail at such low levels as to detract from the overall composite behavior. Considering a unidirectional specimen, where the fibers are all aligned parallel to each other, commercial systems can be described by a rule of mixtures661 relationship (Fig. 10). Properties of the matrix and fiber can be linearly combined based on the volume fraction of each constituent. For example, the longitudinal tensile modulus is the sum of the proportion of each component. The interface in these systems is considered ideal in that it efficiently transmits forces between fiber and matrix without failure. Using this model as a basis for micromechanical analysis and discussion, the magnitude of the forces present at the interface can be predicted. 

Fred s courage, and his capability to delve into multidisciplinary problems involving a range of subjects from physical chemistry to cellular biology, are clearly reflected in his penetrating analysis and discussion in an article on the morphology and biogenesis of cellulose and plant cell-walls. This article unfolded more than a century of multidisciplinary developments in a critical and coherent manner that constituted a hallmark in cellulose... 

We will now discuss the heteronuclear double-bonded systems in light of the carbene S-T gaps and the weight analysis of the contributing VB electronic structures to the total wave function. The VBSCF and OVB structure weights summed by category are set out in Tables 7 and 8. For a somewhat different approach, analysis and discussion of these aspects the reader is referred elsewhere14. 

In such a small cluster, the surface coverage is 70%, much higher than the percentage measured on flat surfaces covered by arylthiolates (33%).206 The formation of the Au102(SR)44 nanoparticle may be explained with the electronic rules of cluster stability. Considering that each gold atom contributes one valence electron, and that each of the 44 SR thiyl radicals formally takes one electron, a 58 electron closed shell is obtained. A deep analysis and discussion on this landmark achievement have been recently published.207,208... 

The book addresses these topics, emphasizes the processing of data, discusses over 100 published case studies, and preaches for independent interpretations. It is written with the assumption that most field hydrologists bring their samples to specialized laboratories for analysis, and discusses the examination of data quality. 

Evidence in favour of direct initiation involving the attack of an undissociated Lewis acid ito an olefin is essentially confined to systems containing titanium tetrachloride. This section is devoted to an analysis and discussion of that evidence and to the proposal of an overall mechanism compatible with it. 

Figure 3.39. Water concentration in an interdigitated PEM fuel cell structure, for three planes at x-values corresponding to the flow channel exit (a top left), the middle (b top right) and the entrance (c bottom left). In each pair of pictures, the y-z plots depict the hydrogen side at the top (GDL is lower bar) and the oxygen side at the bottom (GDL is upper bar). The cell current is at its maximum (about 0.8 A cm" ). (From M. Hu et al, (2004). Three dimensional, two phase flow mathematical model for PEM fuel ceU Part II. Analysis and discussion of the internal transport mechanism. Energy Conversion Management. 45,1883-1916. Used with permission from Elsevier.)...

Hu, M., Zhu, X., Wang, M., Gu, A., Yu, L. (2004). Three dimensional, two phase flow mathematical model for PEM fuel cell Parts I and II. Analysis and discussion of the internal transport mechanism. Energy Conversion Management 45, 1861-... 

Guzman, G., J. W. Allen, and J. Gartz. 2000. A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, analysis and discussion. Anali dei Civ. Mus. Rovereto 14 189-270. Italia. In English. 

The experimencal results of COj adsorption on K-covered Ag(lll) will be reported in this chapter. The work is an extension of an earlier work in this laboratory and resolves several issues raised in that work. More TPD experiments have been performed to investigate coadsorption of water and COj, coadsorpcion of CO and COj, CO2 adsorption and desorption as a function of potassium coverage, and effects of residual contamination in UHV on COj adsorption. Some XPS and HREELS data were obtained in the previous work, but no systematic analysis and discussion of the data was perfoimied until now. Moreover, previous and new TPD spectra are analyzed more quantitatively. Based on the present study, a model of COj adsorption on Ag(lll) will be suggested. 

The information in the previous chapter provides an important introduction to the environmental applications of chemical separations technology. This chapter will be devoted to an introductory description of the concept and analysis of a unit operation as applied to separation processes. Subsequent chapters will present some necessary fundamentals of separations analysis and discuss specific separation methods. 

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