Amplitude, significance

Previous studies have shown that accommodation mediated via ciliary smooth muscle activity also receives sympathetic innervation. Sympathetic nerves reach the ciliary muscle through the uveal blood vessels in close association with arteries and terminal arterioles. The distribution of the adrenergic fibers in the ciliary muscle appears to vary across species. In primates sympathetic nerve terminals, mainly 3 receptors, can generally be found in the anterior portion of the ciliary muscle. The accommodative amplitude significantly decreased in human subjects after instillation of phenylephrine (an a agonist) or hydroxyamphetamine (an a and (3 agonist). Such observations provide evidence that both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system can affect accommodation but not equally. Furthermore, the nature of sympathetic innervation can be summarized as follows ... 

After the first impact, the compensating system reduces the amplitude significantly... 

Since there is a short-range order in a liquid the local potential curve U(x) in its nearest surroundings resembles a periodic character (Figure 9.32). Atoms settle down in points of potential energy minimum. In a settled state an atom oscillates with an amplitude significantly smaller than the interatomic distance d. It was found experimentally that the frequency of these fluctuations have the same order as in solids, namely Vg 10 sec and the oscillation period Tq = (1/Vq) 10 sec. In order... 

These values were ehosen since they were the best compromise between the possibility to provtde significant amplitudes of the cyclical pressure loading and the experimental apparatus limits. Infact, the cyclical pressure amplitude gets lower as the frequency gets higher. 

Anyway, it can be significant to compare the thermographic results at 5Hz (amplitude of pressure periodic change equal to about 5 bar shown in fig. 11b, 12b and 13 b) to the ones achieved with the rosetta strain gauges shown in fig. 17 at the same pressure inside the vessel. 

We first supposed that the field radiated into the piece by the transducer is known, thanks to the Champ-Sons model. Then, the main approximation used consists in making far field assumptions in the beam defect interaction area. In the case of a focused transducer we assume that the incident wavefronts on the defect are plane. This is equivalent to say that the defect is located in or near the transducer focal area and that a defect located outside this zone does not cause a significant echo. In the case of planar contact transducer, the incident wavefronts on the defect are assumed to be spherical The incident field on the defect is therefore approximated by the product of a spatial function gfp,0,z)describing the amplitude distribution in the beam and a time-delayed waveform < ) ft) representing the plane or spherical propagation in the beam. The incident field on the defect can therefore be approximated for ... 

The amplitude and therefore the intensity, of the scattered radiation is detennined by extending the Fourier transfomi of equation (B 1.8.11 over the entire crystal and Bragg s law expresses die fact that this transfomi has values significantly different from zero only at the nodes of the reciprocal lattice. The amplitude varies, however, from node to node, depending on the transfomi of the contents of the unit cell. This leads to an expression for the structure amplitude, denoted by F(hld), of the fomi... 

Large amplitude (floppy) vibrational modes often exhibit significant anharmonicity that may increase errors in computed frequencies. In addition to anharmonicity, usually there is coupling between vibrational modes. 

Prospective amplitude, V, (Figure 17.4), to define the insulation endurance of the current-carrying system. Only the first highest peak is of significance for this purpose, which will contain the maximum severity. The subsequent peaks are of moderate magnitudes and of little consequence for the system or the terminal equipment. 

The significance of this term can be realized by the fact that the voltage stress of a surge, having a maximum amplitude of 4.5 p.u.. with a front time / of 5 ps. will roughly be the same or even less severe compared to a surge with an amplitude of only 2 p.u. and a front time of 0.2 ps (see Insulation Sub-committee. Rotating Machinery Committee, 1981). 

When the elastic shock-front speed U departs significantly from longitudinal elastic sound speed c, immediately behind the elastic shock front, the decaying elastic wave amplitude is governed by (Appendix)... 

To answer questions regarding dislocation multiplication in Mg-doped LiF single crystals, Vorthman and Duvall [19] describe soft-recovery experiments on <100)-oriented crystals shock loaded above the critical shear stress necessary for rapid precursor decay. Postshock analysis of the samples indicate that the dislocation density in recovered samples is not significantly greater than the preshock value. The predicted dislocation density (using precursor-decay analysis) is not observed. It is found, however, that the critical shear stress, above which the precursor amplitude decays rapidly, corresponds to the shear stress required to disturb grown-in dislocations which make up subgrain boundaries. 

Flexible rotors are designed to operate at speeds above those corresponding to their first natural frequencies of transverse vibrations. The phase relation of the maximum amplitude of vibration experiences a significant shift as the rotor operates above a different critical speed. Hence, the unbalance in a flexible rotor cannot simply be considered in terms of a force and moment when the response of the vibration system is in-line (or in-phase) with the generating force (the unbalance). Consequently, the two-plane dynamic balancing usually applied to a rigid rotor is inadequate to assure the rotor is balanced in its flexible mode. 

The significance of instrument band width and modulation transfer function was discussed in connection with Equation (3) to characterize the roughness of nominally smooth surfaces. The mechanical (stylus) profilometer has a nonlinear response, and, strictly speaking, has no modulation transfer function because of this. The smallest spatial wavelength which the instrument can resolve, 4nin> given in terms of the stylus radius rand the amplitude aoi the structure as... 

One of the most interesting results of the zinc ferrite synthesis is the observation that the yield of the product is dependent on the early pressure history. This behavior is shown in Fig. 8.3, which plots the yield versus temperature for baratol explosive loading and for Composition B explosive loading. The difference between these loadings is that the initial pressure pulse amplitude is significantly greater with Composition B. Apparently, the early pressure history has an important conditioning effect for subsequent reactions. 

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