Amphetamine elimination

Sodium bicarbonate increases renal tubular reabsorption of amphetamine, resulting in a prolonged amphetamine elimination half-life be aware of this combination. 

In mother-infant dyadic relationships, amphetamine eliminated the eye contact, the specific gaze that is an important cue for contact in these animals. In addition, the parental care behavior pattern was disrupted. 

Baggot, J.D., Davis, L.E., Murdick, P.W. et al. (1972) Certain aspects of amphetamine elimination in the horse. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 33, 1161-1164. 

Affecting the rate of drug elimination by increasing urinary pH (eg, the excretion of salicylates is increased, whereas excretion of quinidine and amphetamines is decreased)... 

In agreement with previous works, elimination of amphetamine-like compounds was diverse. Amphetamine and ephedrine are the best removed amphetamine-like compounds in the Ebro River basin. On the other hand, MDMA and methamphet-amine were poorly removed compared to other studies as they were found randomly at higher concentrations in effluents than in influents. Similar to these compounds and in contrast to previous studies, the only lysergic analyte determined in waste-waters, nor-LSD, was poorly or not eliminated during wastewater treatment processes (see Fig. 5). 

Eliminate alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, and hallucinogens... 

FMO also oxidizes primary and secondary amines. For example, it N-hydroxylates both amphetamine and methamphetamine to generate the corresponding hydroxylamines (Fig. 4.27) (70). It then catalyzes a second N-hydroxylation of both metabolites. The two A, A -dihydroxy intermediates eliminate water to generate the oxime in the case of amphetamine and the nitrone in the case of methamphetamine. 

The same considerations hold for acidic molecules, with the important difference that alkalinization of the urine (increased pH) will promote the deprotonization of -COOH groups and thus impede reabsorption. Intentional alteration in urinary pH can be used in intoxications with proton-acceptor substances in order to hasten elimination of the toxin (alkalinization phenobarbi-tal acidification amphetamine). 

Amphetamine mixture - Peak plasma concentrations occur in about 3 hours (Adderall) and 7 hours (Adderall XR). Elimination half-life is 10 to 13 hours in adults and 9 to 11 hours in children. Extended-release amphetamine mixture capsules demonstrate linear pharmacokinetics. There is no unexpected accumulation at steady state. Food does not affect the extent of absorption of extended-release amphetamine mixture capsules, but prolongs T ax by 2.5 hours. 

Children - Children eliminated amphetamine faster than adults. Contraindications... 

Previously popular but of unproved value, forced diuresis may cause volume overload and electrolyte abnormalities and is not recommended. Renal elimination of a few toxins can be enhanced by alteration of urinary pH. For example, urinary alkalinization is useful in cases of salicylate overdose. Acidification may increase the urine concentration of drugs such as phencyclidine and amphetamines but is not advised because it may worsen renal complications from rhabdomyolysis, which often accompanies the intoxication. 

The metabolism of amphetamine has been studied in those presenting with amphetamine psychosis. In the presence of acidified urine, the renal elimination of amphetamine increased significantly. The intensity of the psychosis was found to correlate with the amount of basic polar metabolites excreted in the urine, such as norephedrine and p-hydroxyamphetamine, and not with the plasma amphetamine concentration. This suggests that these metabolites may play an important role in the development of paranoid psychosis in chronic amphetamine users.6... 

Oxidative Deamination. Oxidative deamination of amphetamine occurs in the rabbit liver but not to any extent in the liver of either the dog or the rat, which tend to hydroxylate the aromatic ring. A close examination of the reaction indicates that it is probably not an attack on the nitrogen but rather on the adjacent carbon atom, giving rise to a carbinol amine, which eliminates ammonia, producing a ketone ... 

Nonionized lipid-soluble drugs are resorbed and not eliminated. Generally, drugs that are bases are excreted when the urine is acidic, whereas acidic compounds are excreted in greater quantities if the urine is alkaline. For example, in phenobarbital (weak acid pKa of 7.3) poisoning, alkalinization of the urine with sodium bicarbonate is helpful in eliminating the phenobarbital. In amphetamine toxicity, acidification of the urine with ammonium chloride is required (Figure 1.13). 

Methamphetamines are still legally produced in the United States for attention-deficit disorder (ADD) under the trade names Desoxyn or Ritalin (methylphenidate). As the street name speed suggests, amphetamines elevate mood, heighten endurance, and eliminate fatigue. 

Letter to the Editor, A procedure for eliminating interferences from ephedrine and related compounds in the GC/MS analysis of amphetamine and methamphetamine, J. Anal. Toxicol., 76 109... 

The hair treatment with concentrated solutions of sodium hydroxide allows the complete dissolution of the keratin structure by chemical hydrolysis of proteins in about 1 h. Under these conditions, some drugs such as amphetamines are volatile and thus there may be losses of the analyte. In more basic solutions occurs the complete hydrolysis of molecules such as cocaine, heroin, and 6-MAM [51]. Concentrated solutions of hydrochloric acid are also used it eliminates the problem of volatile basic compounds, but increases the time of dissolution. 

Excretion of amphetamine is markedly dependent on urinary pH, being greatly increased in acid urine. After large doses, amphetamine may be detected in urine for several days. Under uncontrolled urinary pH conditions, about 30% of the dose is excreted unchanged in the urine in 24 hours and a total of about 90% of the dose is excreted in 3 to 4 days. The amount excreted unchanged in 24 hours may increase to 74% of the dose in acid urine and decrease to 1 to 4% in alkaline urine under alkaline conditions, hippuric acid and benzoic acid account for about 50% of the urinary material. Under normal conditions 16 to 28% is excreted as hippuric acid, about 4% as benzoylglucuronide, 2 to 4% as 4-hydroxyamphetamine and about 2% as norephedrine in 24 hours small amounts of conjugated 4-hydroxynorephedrine and phenylacetone are also excreted. No elimination in the faeces has been detected. 

Disposition in the Body. Readily absorbed after oral administration but extensively metabolised. Numerous metabolites, including traces of amphetamine, have been detected in the urine some unchanged drug is eliminated in the faeces. 

Disposition in the Body. Rapidly absorbed after oral administration and distributed to the tissues. Selegiline is almost completely metabolised to form methylamphetamine and amphetamine. About 50% of a dose is excreted in the urine in 24 hours and 75% in 72 hours excreted mainly as methylamphetamine with lesser amounts of amphetamine. The excretion of metabolites is increased in acid urine. About 15% of a dose is eliminated in the faeces in 72 hours. 

Controiied reiease deiivery of d,l-amphetamine is sufficiently long in duration to allow elimination of lunchtime dosing... 

Amphetamines are more toxic than cocaine and, when abused, cause worse problems. The body has a great capacity to metabolize and eliminate cocaine the liver can detoxify a lethal dose of cocaine every thirty minutes. It cannot handle amphetamines as efficiently. At the same time, people can establish stable relationships with amphetamines more easily than they can with cocaine, probably because the intensely pleasureful but very short effect of cocaine is more seductive and invites repetitive dosing. 

Separation-free, homogeneous immunoassay protocols offer several advantages in comparison to heterogeneous methods. Because no separation is involved, the number of procedural steps is decreased, which decreases the time required per assay. Additionally, because the physical transfer step is avoided, potential sample loss related to this step is eliminated. Drugs with low molecular weights (amphetamines, digoxin) are commonly measured by separation-free homogeneous immunoassay protocols. ... 

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