Industrial ammunition

It was no accident that Picatinny was ready. While the U.S. has no military ammunition industry in peace times, Congress always has permitted the Army certain funds for research and... 

The National Shooting Sports Foundation (NSSF), the trade association for the firearms and ammunition industry, responded that they rejected NFS s categorization of traditional ammunition as a health threat NSSF noted that no scientific evidence supports restricting ammunition containing lead components and that banning such traditional bullets was arbitrary and a drastic policy decision unsupported by science. ... 

Occupational Diseases and Hazards in Explosives and Ammunition Plants. See under Industrial Hygiene in Vol 7,193-R... 

History. The US Army organization that formerly, for over 100 years, had responsibility for the design, manufacture and procurement from private industry of weapons, ammunition and vehicles, for the training of personnel in their use, and for their storage, issue and maintenance. The Ordnance Department also served both the Navy and Air Force as directed by higher authority... 

At the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, no other plant existed in the U.S. capable of making anything larger than small arms ammunition. There was no knowledge elsewhere there were no detailed plans for whole industries elsewhere. Without the industrial know-how developed at Picatinny, the rapid conversion of commercial concerns to mass ammunition manufacture would have been impossible... 

While waiting for private industry to convert its. assembly lines for ammunition production, Picatinny Filled the gap. Between July 1939 and September 1952, more than 7,500,000 bomb fuzes, almost 20,000J000 boosters, 44,000,000 artillery primers, 39,000,000 artillery fuzes, and countless millions of other items were turned out... 

Picatinny Arsenal s contributions to the recent military effort in Southeast Asia were substantial. The timely and quantitative production of bombs and other standard items of ammunition was accomplished until industry could regear to resume that role. The Arsenal also responded to the need for the development of new and improved munitions during this period, in chiding more effective fuzes and safing and arming devices... 

The release of lead to air is now less than the release of lead to land. Most of the lead in inner city soils comes from old houses painted with paint containing lead and previous automotive exhaust emitted when gasoline contained lead. Landfills may contain waste from lead ore mining, ammunition manufacturing, or other industrial activities such as battery production. 

N.E.C. is the major manufacturer with a complete range of explosives and accessories, with factories in Scotland, Wales and England. Explosives and Chemical Products Ltd., with factories in England, is the other manufacturer of explosives for sale. The major commercial manufacturer of ammunition is Imperial Metal Industries (Kynoch) Ltd. at Witton near Birmingham. The British Government has of course a number of Royal Ordnance Factories and establishments to cover all aspects of military explosives. 

Pure arsenic is presently used as a component of alloys (e.g., with lead to produce hunting ammunition). Arsenic compounds are also used in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and tanning industries, in the manufacture of glass and ceramics, and as pesticides in agriculture and fruit-farming (Nriagu and Azcue, 1990). 

The general population is not likely to be exposed to either 1,3-DNB or 1,3,5-TNB. Exposure to both compounds is possible around Army ammunition plants. Occupational or accidental exposure to 1,3-DNB and 1,3,5-TNB may also occur in industries using these two compounds in manufacturing processes (e.g., explosives, plastics, dyes). 

Evenson et al. 1989a Linder et al. 1990 Parke 1961). Death has also been reported in rats after oral exposure to 1,3,5-TNB (Desai et al. 1991). However, it is unlikely that amounts of 1,3-DNB or 1,3,5-TNB sufficient to cause death could be ingested by humans from environmental exposures such as living close to ammunition plants or those employed in the dyestuffs, plastics, rubber, and other industries. 

TNB after low-level chronic exposure by oral, dermal, and inhalation routes would be of value to determine whether exposures via these routes could cause toxicity in populations living in the vicinity of ammunition plants or in those exposed in industries where these chemical are used. 

TNB for any exposure route were located in this literature review. Animal studies examining postnatal survival and developmental effects following maternal exposure by all routes of exposure would be helpful since potential oral exposure exists for populations living near ammunition plants, and inhalation and dermal exposure may occur in industries involved in dyestuff, plastics, and rubber production. 

Several lawsuits were filed on behalf of the victims against Colt Industries (manufacturer of the gun) and Olin Corporation (maker of the ammunition), and other gun manufacturers. Colt and Olin filed to have the suit dismissed for lack of a valid cause of action, and the district court agreed. The plaintiffs appealed. 

High Rate Detonator Production Study. As part of the overall program to modernize the US Govt owned, company operated, Army Ammunition Loading and Assembly Plants, it is planned to develop fully automatic equipment to manuf nonelectric detonators at the rate of 1200 per minute. The survey of literature sources and industry was undertaken to discover techniques and equipment that may be applicable, as described in Ref 1... 

On July 10, 1926, there occurred a series of expins on the Lake Denmark Ammunition Depot of the United States Navy (about 3Vi miles from Dover, NJ). This Depot comprised an area of 461 acres of land, partly overgrown by trees and brush. It included approx 160 buildings, 44 of which were used for the storage of high explosives, smokeless powder, projectiles, Black Powder, the remainder being store houses, industrial buildings which.did not contain expls, and dwellings... 

University of Paris, Sorbonne (Ingenieur Docteur, 1940). From 1941 he worked in the USA in the field of expls proplnts in private industries and at Picatinny Arsenal where he was the author of a number of technical reports (PATR s) lectures. His most Important publications include A Manual for Explosives Laboratories , Lefax, Philadelphia, Pa, 4 Vo Is (1942—46) in collaboration with G.D. Clift Dictionary of Russian Ammunition and Weapons , PATR 2145(1955) Dictionary of Explosives, Ammunition and Weapons (German Section), PATR 2510(1958) and as. senior author of the 1 Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items , PATR 2700, Vols 1-6 (1960—73). Dr Fedoroff is a unique repository of historical facts and is an internationally known expert in explosives, propellants pyrotechnics Ref Oliver E. Sheffield Gunther Cohn (1973)... 

Trinitrotoluene (TNT) was the most commonly used conventional military explosive during the twentieth century. Although it had been used extensively in the dye industry during late 1800s, it was not adopted for use as a military explosive until 1902, when the German army used it to replace picric acid. TNT was first used in warfare during the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). The US Army began its use in 1912. After an economical process was developed for the nitration of toluene, TNT became the chief artillery ammunition in World War I (1914—1918). The most valuable property of TNT is that it can be safely melted and cast alone or with other explosives as a slurry. 

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