Ammonium chloride , solid acid catalyst

Ammonium chloride (12125-02-9), solid acid catalyst, 75, 47 Ammonium hydroxide (1336-21-6), 76, 24, 63... 

Catalysts. Catalyst addition was weight percent on polymer solids. Solution polymers employed, for example, 2-hydroxycyclohexane-p-toluene sulfonate or Nacure 155 (King Industries, dlalkylnaphthalene disulfonic acid) as organic soluble acids. A variety of catalysts were tested with emulsion polymers, the best choice varied with base polymer hydrophobicity and functional monomer distribution. Some of these Included p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA), ammonium chloride,... 

Functionalized polymers are of interest in a variety of applications including but not limited to fire retardants, selective sorption resins, chromatography media, controlled release devices and phase transfer catalysts. This research has been conducted in an effort to functionalize a polymer with a variety of different reactive sites for use in membrane applications. These membranes are to be used for the specific separation and removal of metal ions of interest. A porous support was used to obtain membranes of a specified thickness with the desired mechanical stability. The monomer employed in this study was vinylbenzyl chloride, and it was lightly crosslinked with divinylbenzene in a photopolymerization. Specific ligands incorporated into the membrane film include dimethyl phosphonate esters, isopropyl phosphonate esters, phosphonic acid, and triethyl ammonium chloride groups. Most of the functionalization reactions were conducted with the solid membrane and liquid reactants, however, the vinylbenzyl chloride monomer was transformed to vinylbenzyl triethyl ammonium chloride prior to polymerization in some cases. The reaction conditions and analysis tools for uniformly derivatizing the crosslinked vinylbenzyl chloride / divinyl benzene films are presented in detail. 

The simplest amino acid, glycine, would be an ideal starting material for the synthesis of more complicated amino acids but it does not easily form enols or enoiates. The methyl ester of the ben-zaldehyde imine has two electro n-withdra wing groups to help stabilization of the enolate and conjugate addition of acrylonitrile is now possible. The base used was solid potassium carbonate with a quaternary ammonium chloride as phase transfer catalyst. Simple hydrolysis of the alkylated product leads to the extended amino acid. 

However, the relative proportion of the o-isomer is never greater than 45%, even under the optimum conditions for the formation of this isomer the two isomers can be separated by freezing out the solid />-isomer (Chapter 2, p 17). The reaction generally affords a mixture of isomers,in which the yield of the p-isomer was substantially increased by addition of ammonium chloride and catalysts sometimes it was possible to isolate the /7-isomer as the sole product. The ratio of the o- to /7-isomers is dependent on the molar ratio of toluene and reagent. The isomers of toluenesulfonyl chloride can be prepared in a continuous process, and the reaction can be improved by use of an additive. Toluene 1 by heating with a large excess of chlorosulfonic acid at 140-150 °C affords mainly the 2,4-disulfonyl chloride 5 (Equation 2). ... 

Cr-ZSM-5 catalysts prepared by solid-state reaction from different chromium precursors (acetate, chloride, nitrate, sulphate and ammonium dichromate) were studied in the selective ammoxidation of ethylene to acetonitrile. Cr-ZSM-5 catalysts were characterized by chemical analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, FTIR (1500-400 cm 1), N2 physisorption (BET), 27A1 MAS NMR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, NH3-TPD and H2-TPR. For all samples, UV-Visible spectroscopy and H2-TPR results confirmed that both Cr(VI) ions and Cr(III) oxide coexist. TPD of ammonia showed that from the chromium incorporation, it results strong Lewis acid sites formation at the detriment of the initial Bronsted acid sites. The catalyst issued from chromium chloride showed higher activity and selectivity toward acetonitrile. This activity can be assigned to the nature of chromium species formed using this precursor. In general, C r6+ species seem to play a key role in the ammoxidation reaction but Cr203 oxide enhances the deep oxidation. 

Syntheses of MPc from phthalodinitrile or phthalic anhydride in the presence of urea are the two most important laboratory and industrial methods. They were also used originally by Linstead et al. [8,9], This procedure allows the production of many phthalocyanine compounds [35-37], Catalysts such as boric acid, molybdenum oxide, zirconium and titanium tetrachloride, or ammonium molybdate are used to accelerate the reaction and improve the yield [36,37], Ammonium molybdate is especially effective. Reaction is carried out either in a solvent or by heating the solid components. When metal chlorides and phthalodinitrile are used as starting materials, the reaction products are partially chlorinated (e.g.,7). 

Ammonium or potassium peroxodisulphate Solid (NH4)2S208 or K2S208 is added to a dilute solution of manganese(II) ions, free of chloride. The solution is acidified with dilute sulphuric acid, and a few drops of dilute silver nitrate (which acts as a catalyst) are added on boiling a reddish-violet solution is formed, owing to the presence of permanganate ... 

Activation with sulfonic acid chlorides is more general, rendering amides with the possible participation of symmetric anhydrides after disproportionation. This method has also found use in the synthesis of modem 3-lactam antibiotics. However, in peptide chemistry this activation method leads to unwanted side reactions, like formation of nitriles in the cases of glutamine and asparagine, and racemization. In a convenient one-pot procedure, the carboxylic acids are activated by sulfonyl chlorides under solid-liquid phase transfer conditions using solid potassium carbonate as base and a lipophilic ammonium salt as catalyst. ... 

SPERSUL or SPERSUL THIOVIT (7704-34-9) Combustible solid (flash point 405°F/207°C). Finely divided dry material forms explosive mixture with air. The vapor reacts violently with lithium carbide. Reaets violently with many substances, including strong oxidizers, aluminum powders, boron, bromine pentafluoride, bromine trifluoride, calcium hypochlorite, carbides, cesium, chlorates, chlorine dioxide, chlorine trifluoride, chromic acid, chromyl chloride, dichlorine oxide, diethylzinc, fluorine, halogen compounds, hexalithium disilicide, lampblack, lead chlorite, lead dioxide, lithium, powdered nickel, nickel catalysts, red phosphorus, phosphorus trioxide, potassium, potassium chlorite, potassium iodate, potassium peroxoferrate, rubidium acetylide, ruthenium tetraoxide, sodium, sodium chlorite, sodium peroxide, tin, uranium, zinc, zinc(II) nitrate, hexahydrate. Forms heat-, friction-, impact-, and shock-sensitive explosive or pyrophoric mixtures with ammonia, ammonium... 

---