Ammonium alkylammonium salts

Catalyst Cation. The logarithms of extraction constants for symmetrical tetra- -alkylammonium salts (log rise by ca 0.54 per added C atom. Although absolute numerical values for extraction coefficients are vastly different in various solvents and for various anions, this relation holds as a first approximation for most solvent—water combinations tested and for many anions. It is important to note, however, that the lipophilicity of phenyl and benzyl groups carrying ammonium salts is much lower than the number of C atoms might suggest. Benzyl is extracted between / -propyl and -butyl. The extraction constants of tetra- -butylammonium salts are about 140 times larger than the constants for tetra- -propylammonium salts of the same anion in the same solvent—water system. 

Quaternary alkylammonium salts are generally water-soluble surfactants. The sol-gel-derived anion-sensing membranes encapsulating a quaternary alkylammonium salt, especially with high contents, are easy to deteriorate due to the exudation of the cationic site from the membrane to aqueous sample phases. Moreover, another issue concerning the dispersibility of ammonium salts in sol-gel-derived membranes may happen when high... 

Certain long-chain alkylammonium salts, notably tricaprylmethyl-ammonium chloride (Aliquat 336-S) and tri-Ao-octylamine hydrochloride (TIOA) are liquids, sometimes referred to as liquid anion exchangers, which can form extractable ion pairs or aggregates with anionic metal complexes in the... 

In the preceding section it was shown that the stability of crown-ether complexes with alkylammonium salts depends on the relationship between the structures of the crown ethers and the ammonium ions. How critically this relationship determines the complex stability will become clear in this section, which deals with the discrimination between the two enantiomers of racemic salts by chiral macrocyclic ligands. 

Ray, P. C. et al., J. Chem. Soc., 1911, 99, 1470 1912, 101, 141, 216 Ammonium and substituted-ammonium nitrite salts exhibit a range of instability, and reaction mixtures which may be expected to yield these products should be handled with care. Ammonium nitrite will decompose explosively either as the solid, or in cone, aqueous solution when heated to 60-70°C. Presence of traces of acid lowers the decomposition temperature markedly. Hydroxylammo-nium nitrite appears to be so unstable that it decomposes immediately in solution. Hydrazinium(l+) nitrite is a solid which explodes violently on percussion, or less vigorously if heated rapidly, and hydrogen azide may be a product of decomposition [1], Mono- and di-alkylammonium nitrites decompose at temperatures below 60-70°C, but usually without violence [2], Individual entries are ... 

Bulky quaternary ammonium salts promote the ruthenium-catalysed oxidation of anilines by hydrogen peroxide to nitrobenzenes [25]. In the absence of the ammonium salt, the major product is the azoxybenzene, whereas lower molecular weight tetra-alkylammonium salts produce a mixture of products. 

The nitration of nitramine (153) with nitronium tetrafluoroborate, followed by neutralization of the resulting dinitraminic acid with ammonia, also generates ammonium dinitramide (152). Neutralization of this reaction with alkylamines, instead of ammonia, yields the corresponding alkylammonium salts of dinitramide. The nitration of ammonia with dinitrogen pentoxide (15 %) or nitronium salts like the tetrafluoroborate (25 %) yield ammonium dinitramide (152) through the initial formation of nitramine. 

The complex hydrate structure, 1.67 choline hydroxide-tetra-n-propyl-ammonium fluoride 30-33H2O (space group = R-3, a = 12.533, c = 90.525 A) was discovered by Udachin and Ripmeester (1999b). It should be noted that the tetra-n-propylammonium salt will not form a hydrate on its own (Dyadin et al., 1988), even though other tetra-alkylammonium salts will form a variety of hydrate structures. Similar to structures II, H, and IV, this complex structure consists of stacked sequences of layers, CABBCAABCCABBCAAB. That is,... 

Capillary electrophoresis Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is used to analyze sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in water samples. The detection is conducted by reverse absorbance measurements. Sufficient separation of the four cations is established with an electrolyte solution of 5 mM imidazole/6.5 mM a-hydroxyisobutyric acid/2 mM 18-crown-6 ether of pEI 4.1 [42]. CE with a contactless conductometric detector is used to determine small anions and cations in water samples from different sources. 2-(N-Morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid/histidine-based (Mes/Elis) electrolytes are used for direct conductivity detection of anions and cations, while ammonium acetate is used for indirect conductivity determination of alkylammonium salts. Eor the simultaneous separation procedure, involving dual-opposite end injection, an electrolyte consisting of 20 mM Mes/EIis, 1.5 mM 18-crown-6 and 20 mM cetyltri-methylammonium bromide provides baseline separation of 13 anions and cations in less than 6 min [43]. Also CE with a capacitively coupled... 

The compound class of quaternary alkylammonium salts includes alkyltrimethyl-ammonium and dialkyldimethylammonium compounds,... 

The ability of crown polyethers to form complexes with ammonium and alkylammonium salts") gave rise to the development of Cram s concept of host-guest chemistry57). Asymmetric macrocyclic polyethers (host molecules) were designed and synthesized that distinguish between the enantiomers of chiral amine salts (guest molecules). For example, the (R,Reform of polyether (Fig. 66) which was obtained in pure state, forms complexes of different... 

Alkylammonium salts are named by replacing the suffix -amine with ammonium. This is then followed by the name of the anion. The salts are ionic and hence are quite soluble in water. 

Materials. The methylammonium Y-zeolites (Table I) were prepared by ion-exchanging NaY (5 grams) with 4 100-ml portions of 1 N alkylammonium salt solution at 80 °C. Monomethylammonium (MMA) chloride, dimethylammonium (DMA) chloride, and tetramethylammonium (TTMA) bromide (Matheson, Coleman, and Bell) and the trimethyl-ammonium (TMA) chloride (Eastman Organic Chemicals) were used as received. 

The Paal-Knorr synthesis, in which 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds are treated with NH3 or primary amines (or with ammonium or alkylammonium salts) in ethanol or acetic acid, leads to 2,5-disubstituted pyrroles, and is universally applicable. For instance, hexane-2,5-dione 8 reacts with NH3 to yield 2,5-dimethylpyrrole 9 ... 

The values for quaternary ammonium salts are lower than those for the mono-alkylammonium salts. This probably arises from the ability of the charge center on the cation to approach the solute more closely for the monoalkylammonium salts. 

Instead of chemically generated electrons as reducers, the electrolytic reduction of metal salts represents a successful alternative in cormection with the fabrication of tetra-alkylammonium salt-stabilized nanopartides [159-165]. The first step comprises an oxidative anodic dissolution of the corresponding metal, followed by the formation of zerovalent metal atoms at the cathode. Nucleation and particle growth then follow, some of which is stopped by the addition of a tetra-alkylammonium salt. This technique not only prevents the formation of byproducts but also allows a rather good size-selectivity high current densities lead to small particles, while low current densities yield larger spedes. Ammonium salt-protected nanopartides of Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, and Au may also be prepared in this way. 

N-Alkyl-(3-amidopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-ethyl ammonium ethyl sulfate. See Soyamidopropyl ethyidimonium ethosulfate Alkylammonium salt of (2-benzothiazolylthio) succinic acid CAS 128686-03-3 Properties M.w. 680 Uses Corrosion inhibitor for protective coatings... 

For ammonium salts, the temperature listed is the isotropization temperature. TA3Br and TA3I decompose immediately after isotropization. All the tetra-n-alkylammonium salts have additional crystal-mesophase transitions. In addition, no heat capacities for the liquid could be measured due to decomposition [67]. 

The saturated and unsaturated primary amines from this process are converted through a series of derivatization steps into tertiary amines utilizing reagents such as EO, PO, a,b-unsatu-rated esters, formaldehyde, or acrylolnitrile followed by reduction to the respective alkyldimethyl-and alkylaminopropylamines, all suitable for quatemization with aliphatic and aromatic alkylating agents. Alternatively, the tertiary amines may be neutralized with acids to form the respective tri-alkylammonium salts, which have many of the attributes of the quaternary ammonium salts when maintained at acidic pH. 

K IS 0.16 for alkylbenzene.sulfonates. about 0.10 tor alkyl sulfate and fatty acid sodium soaps. 0.17 for /i-alkylammonium salts at low. and 0.19 hr quaternary /i-alkylirimcthyl ammonium salts, while k is found to he 0.16 for nonionic systems. The eocftieienl of the salinity effeet for nonionic surtactants is small, j.e.. 0.13 and 0.10 (in EON unit per wt% salt in aqueous pha.se) respectively for sodium and calcium chloride. 

The calix[5]arene 43, synthesized by Parisi et aL, for example, presents a marked shape and size selectivity even in ISEs for n-alkyl over iso-, sec-, and t rt-alkylammonium salts. It was proven that linear fz-alkyl ammonium salts form endo-complexes with the NH3+ head group interacting with the phenolic oxygen atoms and the alkyl residue with the calixarene cavity, while other branched alkyl ammonium salts generally form -complexes (see review for specific reference). 

Pr is n-propyl, Bu is n-butyl, Pen is n-pentyl. Hep is w-heptyl) see Table 1.1 in Tang, Kebarle [36]. The tetraalkyl ammonium salts and alkylammonium salts are known surfactants. It is notable that they can be used also as mass calibrants under nonaqueous, anaerobic conditions [37]. 

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