Ammonia uses for

Ammonia is also the primary building block for downstream manufacturing of a wide range of fertilizer products. Table 18 gives the relative amounts of ammonia used for the manufacture of these nitrogen products. 

Household ammonia used for cleaning contains about 10 g (two significant figures) of NH3 in 100 mL (two significant figures) of solution. What is the molarity of the NH3 in solution ... 

Identify the major species in each of the following aqueous solutions (a) Na CH3 CO2 (sodium acetate) (b) HCIO4 (perchloric acid) (c) Cg Hi 2 Og (glucose, used for intravenous feeding) and (d) NH3 (ammonia, used for household cleaning). 

Table 3.4 Ammonia Used for Production of Nitrogen Fertilizers [2]...

A solution prepared by dissolving AgjO in aqueous ammonia used for selective oxidation of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid. 

Acids and ammonia used for sample acidification and pH neutralization are purified by sub-boiling distillation using a quartz condenser, or isothermal distillation as described in Section 12.1.5. 

Cross-linked PS 275 Separation of basic compounds, such as amines and ammonia useful for separation of amides, hydrazines, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones... 

Prepared from ethyne and ammonia or by dehydration of ethanamide. Widely used for dissolving inorganic and organic compounds, especially when a non-aqueous polar solvent of high dielectric constant is required, e.g. for ionic reactions. 

CCls CHO. A colourless oily liquid with a pungent odour b.p. 98°C. Manut actured by the action of chlorine on ethanol it is also made by the chlorination of ethanal. When allowed to stand, it changes slowly to a white solid. Addition compounds are formed with water see chloral hydrate), ammonia, sodium hydrogen sulphite, alcohols, and some amines and amides. Oxidized by nitric acid to tri-chloroethanoic acid. Decomposed by alkalis to chloroform and a methanoate a convenient method of obtaining pure CHCI3. It is used for the manufacture of DDT. It is also used as a hypnotic. 

Nessler s reagent An alkaline solution of Hglj in KI used for detecting and estimating ammonia (brown colour or precipitate formed). 

QHgNiOiS. Colourless crystals, m.p. 164 5-166-5" C. It is usually prepared by treating p-acetamidobenzenesulphonyl chloride with ammonia, and hydrolysing the acetyl derivative to the base. Used for the treatment of streptococcal infections, gonorrhoea, meningococcal meningitis and urinary infections. Liable to cause unpleasant reactions, such as nausea, cyanosis and skin rashes. 

Ammonia may be estimated by dissolving the gas in a known volume of standard acid and then back-titrating the excess acid. In a method widely used for the determination of basic nitrogen in organic substances (the Kjeldahl method), the nitrogenous material is converted into ammonium sulphate by heating with concentrated sulphuric acid. The ammonia is then driven off by the action of alkali and absorbed in standard acid. 

Addition of silver nitrate to a solution of a chloride in dilute nitric acid gives a white precipitate of silver chloride, AgCl, soluble in ammonia solution. This test may be used for gravimetric or volumetric estimation of chloride the silver chloride can be filtered off, dried and weighed, or the chloride titrated with standard silver nitrate using potassium chromate(VI) or fluorescein as indicator. 

Method (1) is most frequently used for aliphatic acid amides, while Methods (2a), (2b) and (zc) are used most frequently for aromatic acid amides. Of the last three methods, the Acid Chloride Method (zb) is the most rapid and certain. The Ester Method (za) is practicable only when the amide is insoluble in water, and even then is often very slow unless the ester itself is appreciabb soluble in the aqueous ammonia solution. 

This procedure may be used for the preparation of finely-divided sodamide If the sodamide is to be used in any other solvent than liquid ammonia, the ammonia is allowed to evaporate whilst the new solvent is slowly added from a dropping funnel alternatively, the new solvent may be added before the ammonia evaporates. If dry sodamide is required, the product may be freed from the last traces of ammonia by evacuation at 100°. The sodamide prepared by this method must be used immediately if allowed to stand, it rapidly changes into explosive substances. 

METHOD 2 This method is a backup use for all that bromo-safrole or phenylisopropyl-bromide that the chemist made. It is the simplest method in the entire book, uses the cheapest most basic ingredients and happens to be the first method that Strike ever studied [59]. Strike does not have many fond reminiscences about this method because it kind of sucks but the chemistry is so basic that it may well serve the most pathetic chemist. The reaction proceeds as follows which uses ammonia to replace the bromine giving MDA or amphetamine directly ... 

Now, contrary to popular opinions, this method need not be conducted in a sealed pipe bomb. Secondary amination by substitution is as much a reaction of opportunity as it is of brute force and heat. In fact, heating can tend to cause the reformation of safrole and isosafrole. So the simplest way to do this would be to use 500mL of ammonium hydroxide or alcoholic ammonia or, for those wishing to make MDMA or meth, 40% aqueous methylamine or alcoholic methylamine (to tell you the truth, methylamine is preferable in this method because it is more reactive that ammonia so yield will increase). This 500mL is placed in a flask and into it is poured a solution of 35g bromosafrole (30g phenylisopropyl-bromide) mixed with 50mL methanol. The flask is stoppered and stirred at room temperature for anywhere from 3 to 7 days. The chemist could also reflux the same mixture for 6-12 hours or she could throw the whole mix into a sealed pipe bomb (see How to Make section) and cook it for 5 hours in a 120-130°C oil bath. 

The benzyl group has been widely used for the protection of hydroxyl functions in carbohydrate and nucleotide chemistry (C.M. McCloskey, 1957 C.B. Reese, 1965 B.E. Griffin, 1966). A common benzylation procedure involves heating with neat benzyl chloride and strong bases. A milder procedure is the reaction in DMF solution at room temperatiue with the aid of silver oxide (E. Reinefeld, 1971). Benzyl ethers are not affected by hydroxides and are stable towards oxidants (e.g. periodate, lead tetraacetate), LiAIH, amd weak acids. They are, however, readily cleaved in neutral solution at room temperature by palladium-catalyzed bydrogenolysis (S. Tejima, 1963) or by sodium in liquid ammonia or alcohols (E.J. Rcist, 1964). 

Typical nucleophiles known to react with coordinated alkenes are water, alcohols, carboxylic acids, ammonia, amines, enamines, and active methylene compounds 11.12]. The intramolecular version is particularly useful for syntheses of various heterocyclic compounds[l 3,14]. CO and aromatics also react with alkenes. The oxidation reactions of alkenes can be classified further based on these attacking species. Under certain conditions, especially in the presence of bases, the rr-alkene complex 4 is converted into the 7r-allylic complex 5. Various stoichiometric reactions of alkenes via 7r-allylic complex 5 are treated in Section 4. 

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