Ammonia propane

Chlororocarbon (CFG) refrigerants are inherently safer with respect to fire, explosion, and acute toxic hazards when compared to alternative refrigerants such as ammonia, propane, and sulfur dioxide. However, they are believed to cause long term environmental damage because of stratospheric ozone depletion. 

The 3D finite volume code ADREA-HF was developed for the computation of the atmospheric dispersion of heavy gas clouds in complex terrain. It contains a one-equation turbulence submodel taking account of two-phase processes [3]. The code has been applied to ammonia, propane, chlorine, and also buoyant releases. It has recently been tested against the BAM hydrogen release experiments. The calculational results for one of the trials are given in Fig. 8-8 showing the hydrogen dispersion near buildings [111]. 

Property Ammonia Propane Butane Tetrafluoroethane (R 134a)... 

For instance, when the degree of ammonia decomposition is only 29.4%, the yield to acrylonitrile is 58.9% at 93.1% propane conversion, with a feed composition propane/ammonia/oxygen/inert equal to 1.0 1.2 3.0 14.8, at 420 °C and W/F 0.5 g s cc . When the same active phase is diluted in silica by means of the spraydrying procedure, the best yield to acrylonitrile achieved is 52.7% at 430 °C [29e], but the addition of a dopant (Yb, Er, Dy, Nd, etc.) increases the yield up to 55-56%. Dopants also allow the feed of a lower ammonia/propane ratio, for example, 0.8 instead of the stoichiometric 1.0, while reaching in high yield to acrylonitrile with respect to ammonia, and minimizing ammonia combustion [29h]. 

Ti02, Sn02 or MeSb04, is also claimed [29k]. Notably, with such systems the conversion of propane is lower than that obtained with the Mo/V/Nb/Te/O catalysts in fact, a lower ammonia/propane feed ratio is used. 

Figure 4.2 Schematic of main features of fluidized-bed reactor for production of acrylonitrile showing immersed serpentine heat transfer tubing, separate distributors for air and ammonia + propane or propene, and one representative cluster of internal cyclones in series.

Refrigerant Gases—gases that easily liquefy tmder pressure. Examples are ammonia, propane, certain halogenated hydrocarbons, and sulfur dioxide. 

Vertical vaporizer ( vertical bayonet ) It is widely used for chlorine, ammonia, propane, methanol, sulfur dioxide, etc. Sizes range from 50,000to 15,000,000 Btu/h (12,500 to 3,750,000 kcal/h). Veiy compact, hi productivity, easily combined with built-in superheater with common control. Many heating media can be used, including steam, hot water, and heat transfer fluids such as Dowtherm, Therminol, etc. Electric heated vaporizers also available. Small footprint. (See Fig.V-7.)... 

Irradiation of ethyleneimine (341,342) with light of short wavelength ia the gas phase has been carried out direcdy and with sensitization (343—349). Photolysis products found were hydrogen, nitrogen, ethylene, ammonium, saturated hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane, / -butane), and the dimer of the ethyleneimino radical. The nature and the amount of the reaction products is highly dependent on the conditions used. For example, the photoproducts identified ia a fast flow photoreactor iacluded hydrocyanic acid and acetonitrile (345), ia addition to those found ia a steady state system. The reaction of hydrogen radicals with ethyleneimine results ia the formation of hydrocyanic acid ia addition to methane (350). Important processes ia the photolysis of ethyleneimine are nitrene extmsion and homolysis of the N—H bond, as suggested and simulated by ab initio SCF calculations (351). The occurrence of ethyleneimine as an iatermediate ia the photolytic formation of hydrocyanic acid from acetylene and ammonia ia the atmosphere of the planet Jupiter has been postulated (352), but is disputed (353). 

For commodities that soHdify at temperatures commonly encountered during shipping, tank cars are equipped with internal or external heating coils. In some cases, cars are insulated with both sides of the insulation protected by thin steel shells. Approximately 15% of the tank cars in the United States are constmcted for the transportation of pressuri2ed commodities, such as anhydrous ammonia and propane. 

Carbonyl sulfide reacts with chlorine forming phosgene (qv) and sulfur dichloride [10545-99-0] and with ammonia forming urea and ammonium sulfide [12135-76-1]. Carbonyl sulfide attacks metals, eg, copper, ia the presence of moisture and is thought to be iavolved ia atmospheric sulfur corrosion (27,28). Its presence ia propane gas at levels above a few ppm may cause the gas to fail the copper-corrosion test. 

The Shawinigan process uses a unique reactor system (36,37). The heart of the process is the fluohmic furnace, a fluidized bed of carbon heated to 1350—1650°C by passing an electric current between carbon electrodes immersed in the bed. Feed gas is ammonia and a hydrocarbon, preferably propane. High yield and high concentration of hydrogen cyanide in the off gas are achieved. This process is presently practiced in Spain, AustraUa, and South Africa. 

The fluohmic process is a third process for manufacturing hydrogen cyanide, which is being appHed in Spain and AustraUa. This process involves the reaction of ammonia with a hydrocarbon, usually propane or butane, in a fluidized bed of coke particles. The endothermic heat of reaction is suppHed electrically through electrodes immersed in the fluid bed. Yields from propane and ammonia are reportedly above 85% and the waste gas is essentially hydrogen, but the costs for electricity are high. Thus this process is appHcable only when there is an inexpensive source of power. 

For example, carbon dioxide from air or ethene nitrogen oxides from nitrogen methanol from diethyl ether. In general, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, ethane, ethene, acetylene (ethyne), propane and propylene are readily removed at 25°. In mixtures of gases, the more polar ones are preferentially adsorbed). 

Ammonia, halogen-ated hydrocarbons, propane, ethylene, and others... 

Flammable gases and vapors include acetylene, hydrogen, butadiene, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, acrolein, ethyl ether, ethylene, acetone, ammonia, benzene, butane, cyclopropane, ethanol, gasoline, hexane, methanol, methane, natural gas, naphtha, and propane. 

The most common fuels were divided into three groups according to reactivity. The low-reactivity group included ammonia, methane, and natural gas hydrogen, acetylene, and ethylene oxide were classified as highly reactive. Those within these extremes, for example, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane, and isobutane, were classified as medium-reactivity fuels. 

Due to the abundance of epoxides, they are ideal precursors for the preparation of P-amino alcohols. In one case, ring-opening of 2-methyl-oxirane (18) with methylamine resulted in l-methylamino-propan-2-ol (19), which was transformed to 1,2-dimethyl-aziridine (20) in 30-35% yield using the Wenker protocol. Interestingly, l-amino-3-buten-2-ol sulfate ester (23) was prepared from l-amino-3-buten-2-ol (22, a product of ammonia ring-opening of vinyl epoxide 21) and chlorosulfonic acid. Treatment of sulfate ester 23 with NaOH then led to aziridine 24. ... 

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