Ammonia Kellogg

Fig. 17. (a) Kellogg vertical quench converter (b) Ammonia Casale converter basket modification. 

S. A. Kne2, D. O. Moore, and R. V. Schneider, "KAAP Retrofit for Ammonia Plant Expansion," Kellogg A.mmonia Club MeetingSs San Diego, Calif.,... 

R. Howerton, G. Moser, and R. Strait, "Update on Kellogg s Ammonia Optimizer at Agrico," Kellogg A.mmonia Club Meeting San Francisco, Calif., Nov. 1989. 

Figure 1. Tugas ammonia plant—Gemlik, Turkey. (Courtesy M. W. Kellogg Ltd.)...

M. W. Kellogg has developed a new teehnology in die syndiesis of ammonia. They employ a rudienium on graphite as the eatalyst on Kellogg Advaneed Ammonia Proeess (KAAP). The proeess is the first to employ a non-iron based eatalyst and was eo-developed with British Petroleum Ventures. The KAAP has been eommereialized sinee 1994, and has been used in an inereasing number of projeets. 

Figure 7. Kellogg s new ruthenium-catalyst based advanced ammonia process combined with the reforming exchange system. (Used with permission of Chemical Engineering.)...

The design sketched above is an elaborate version of the so-called Kellogg Advanced Ammonia Process (KAAP) in which iron-based catalysts are used in the first bed, and ruthenium-based catalysts, which bind nitrogen more weakly, are used in the second, third and fourth beds [T.A. Czuppon, S.A. Knez, R.W. Schneider and G. Woroberts, Ammonia Plant Safety Relat. Pacil. 34 (1994) 236]. 

Alkali-promoted Ru-based catalysts are expected to become the second generation NHs synthesis catalysts [1]. In 1992 the 600 ton/day Ocelot Ammonia Plant started to produce NH3 with promoted Ru catalysts supported on carbon based on the Kellogg Advanced Ammonia Process (KAAP) [2]. The Ru-based catalysts permit milder operating conditions compared with the magnetite-based systems, such as low synthesis pressure (70 -105 bars compared with 150 - 300 bars) and lower synthesis temperatures, while maintaining higher conversion than a conventional system [3]. 

KAAP [Kellogg advanced ammonia process] The first high-pressure process developed for synthesizing ammonia from its elements which does not use an iron-containing catalyst. The reformer gas for this process is provided by the KRES process. The catalyst was developed by BP it contains ruthenium supported on carbon. Developed by MW Kellogg Company in 1990 and first installed by the Ocelot Ammonia Company (now Pacific Ammonia) at Kitimat, British Columbia, from 1991 to 1992. Another plant was installed at Ampro Fertilizers in Donaldsonville, LA, in 1996. 

Kellogg Advanced Ammonia Process (KAAP), 19 621 Kelly leaf filter, 11 365 Kelp, 14 360... 

An operating ammonia plant using the aforementioned improvements is shown schematically in Fig. 1. This plant8 has a capacity of 1000 short tons/day (900 metric tons/day) and uses natural gas as feedstock. The plant can be divided into the following integrated-process sections (a) synthesis-gas preparation (b) synthesis-gas purification and (c> compression and ammonia synthesis. A typical (Kellogg designed) ammonia plant is shown in Fig. 2. 

Kellogg Brown Root Advanced Ammonia Process - Plus (KAAP)... 

For revamps of ammonia synthesis converters, Ammonia Casale offers 1) an in-situ modification of bottle-shaped converters of the Kellogg type, and 2) a three-bed intercooled configuration. The intercooled design is similar in some ways to the Uhde design discussed below213. 

As discussed above, several different types of ammonia converters are available. These types include axial quench converters (e.g., standard Kellogg reactors), tube cooled converters (e.g., TVA and Synetix designs), axial-radii designs (e.g., Ammonia Casale retrofit) and Kellogg s horizontal design. Typical operating data for different types of ammonia converters are shown in Table 6.4204. 

Modernizing Ammonia Plants with Innovative Technical Solutions, Kellogg Brown Root, Houston, TX, 2000 (www.mwkl.co.uk/pdf/modamplt.pdf). 

Figure 8. Energy consumption of Kellogg ammonia plant s steam reforming of...

The KAAP (Kellogg Advanced Ammonia process) process is the first high-pressure ammonia synthesis process that makes ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen without the aid of an iron-containing catalyst.1 It is described in References 22-25. 

---