With internal heat exchange

The first application of a rhodium-ligand system was realized in the LPO-process (low pressure oxo Fig. 18). Huge stirred tank reactors are used, equipped with internal heat exchangers to control the heat of reaction. The solution of the catalyst recycle is simple but efficient. The catalyst remains in the reactor, products and unconverted propene are stripped by a huge excess of synthesis gas. Because of strong foaming, only a part of the reaction volume is used. After the gas has left the reactor, the products are removed by condensing, the big part of synthesis gas is separated from the liquid products and recycled via compressors. The liquid effluent of the gas-liquid separator... 

Figure 12.2 Examples of monoliths with internal heat exchange [18].

Metal monoliths with internal heat exchange capabilities are obtained by assembling single side-coated flat and corrugated sheets as illustrated in Figure 12.2 [17,18]. 

Figure 17.24. Types of reactors for synthetic fuels [Meyers (Ed.), Handbook of Synfuels Technology, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984], (a) ICI methanol reactor, showing internal distributors. C, D and E are cold shot nozzles, F = catalyst dropout, L = thermocouple, and O = catalyst input, (b) ICI methanol reactor with internal heat exchange and cold shots, (c) Fixed bed reactor for gasoline from coal synthesis gas dimensions 10 x 42 ft, 2000 2-in. dia tubes packed with promoted iron catalyst, production rate 5 tons/day per reactor, (d) Synthol fluidized bed continuous reactor system for gasoline from coal synthesis gas.

The ammonia loop is based on the Ammonia Casale axial-radial three-bed converter with internal heat exchangers. Heat from the ammonia synthesis is used to 1) generate high-pressure steam and 2) preheat feed gas. The gas is then cooled and refrigerated to separate ammonia product. Unconverted gas is recycled to the syngas compressor208 214... 

Temperature profiles, reactors ammonia synthesis, 582, 584 cement kiln, 590 cracking of petroleum, 595 endo- and exothermic processes, 584 jacketed tubular reactor, 584 methanol synthesis, 580 phosgene synthesis, 594 reactor with internal heat exchange, 584 sulfur dioxide oxidation, 580... 

In pilot trials. Potter et al. have shown that extranely favorable heat transfer rates as well as drying efficiencies are obtained when drying brown coal in a steam-fluidized bed with internal heat exchanger tubes immersed within it [4,5]. Typical processing conditions were reported as follows ... 

Figure 3.12 A convective reformer concept. Udengaard ef a/. [502]. A burner in the centre tube and flue gas are cooled by two concentric catalyst beds with internal heat exchange to cool the product gas.

Drying of pulverized coal (Faber et ah, 1986) Drying of high-moisture lignite using a fluidized bed with internal heat exchangers to improve energy efficiency and reduce dryer size (Potter et al., 1986)... 

Multitubular reactor with internal heat exchanger. 

FIGURE 43.23 Steam-fluidized bed dryer (DWT, Dampf-Wirbelschicht-Trocknung) with internal heat exchangers. 

Althou not as yet commercialized, the fluidized-bed MTG process has been scaled up [22,25,46,47] and demonstrated on a semiworks scale of 100 barrels per day [48,49]. A simplified flow diagram of the 100 bpd demonstration unit appears in Figure 19 [25]. As depicted, the reactor system consists of three principal parts the reactor, the catalyst regenerator, and an external catafyst cooler. The reactor was also equipped with internal heat-exchanger tubes in the catalyst bed to allow evaluation of that option for heat removal... 

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