Amino-transferases

Application of the desired biotransformation to give a practical and economical process required high molar conversion yields, high amino transferase activities, highly effident product recovery and an inexpensive source of phenylpyruvic add. With genetic and/or biochemical manipulation considerable progress can be made towards meeting some of these requirements. 

EPEC = Enteropathogenic E. coli NA = not applicable UTI = urinary tract infections AST = aspartate amino transferase. Indicates studies that documented a substantial number of cases of bacterial diarrhea denotes studies with substantial isolation of bacterial enteropatho-gens. 1 Nonclassic enteric flora includes E. coli with the designation of enteropathogenic E. coli or other recognized diarrheogenic E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Entero- bacter, Pseudomonas and Enterococcus. ... 

Oral dose of 1000, 2500, or 4000 mg/kg BW maintained at 22°C or minus 5°C for 10 h after dosing No deaths. Mild intoxication and elevated plasma alanine amino-transferase activity holding temperature did not affect toxicity 8... 

Reductive coupling of the corresponding nitrones with alkyl acrylate is the key step in the short synthetic route of the selective and irreversible GABA inhibitor of amino transferase (S)-vigabatine (534) and of polyhydroxy pyrrolizidine alkaloid (+ )-hyacinthacine A2 (535). 

SGOT (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase) also called AST (asparate amino transferase)... 

A number of 2,3-methanophenylalanine derivatives are efficient inhibitors of DOPA carboxylase [64]. For instance, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ACC 57, due to its structural analogy with a-methyl DOPA 58, is a reversible time-dependent inhibitor of DOPA carboxylase and of tyrosine amino transferase, Eq. (22) [65]. 

Liver injury is clinically defined as an increase of serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) levels of more than three times the upper limit of normal and a total bilirubin level of more than twice the upper limit of normal [4]. The clinical patterns of liver injury can be characterized as hepatocellular (with a predominant initial elevation of ALT), cholestatic (with an initial elevation of alkaline phosphatase) or mixed. The mechanisms of drug-induced hepatotoxicity include excessive generation of reactive metabolites, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inhibition of bile salt efflux protein [5]. Better understandings of these mechanisms in the past decades led to the development of assays and models suitable for studying such toxic mechanisms and for selecting better leads in the drug discovery stage. 

HOOC-CH-CH2-CO-COOH 1 OH Glutamin-Oxalo- essigsaure-Amino- transferase NH 1 HO2S— CH2—CH COOH HsO 20% 9 h erythro-... + threo-4-Hydroxy-glutaminsdure 43 43 98 98 4 vergl. 2... 

Hepatic Effects. A study that measured levels of several liver enzymes (alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, and alkaline phosphatase) found no significant differences between workers exposed to silver and insoluble silver compounds and those with no history of silver exposure (Pifer et al. 1989). 

Both (R)- and (S)-amino transferase are available forthe synthesis of enantiomerically pure amines from racemic amines. Degrees of conversion were at or close to 50% for resolutions, and enantioselectivities customarily reached > 99% e.e. for the amine product from both resolutions or syntheses from ketones (Stirling, 1992 Matcham, 1996). The donor for resolutions of amine racemates was usually pyruvate whereas either isopropylamine or 2-aminobutane served as donors for reduction of ketones. The products range from i- and D-amino acids such as i-aminobutyric acid (see Section 7.2.2.6) and i-phosphinothricin (see Section 7.4.2) to amines such as (S)-MOIPA (see Section 7.4.2). 

Wang G, Shang L, Burgett AWG, Harran PG, Wang X (2007) Diazonamide toxins reveal an unexpected function for ornithine d-amino transferase in mitotic cell division. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 2068-2073... 

The conversion of a-keto acids to the corresponding a-amino acids is catalyzed under biological conditions by amino transferases, as depicted in Eq. (1) ... 

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