Amino acids biogenic amines

A number of criteria could be apphed to organize this chapter, depending on the point of view by which foods are considered. In this chapter, application of HPLC to food analysis will be described considering homogeneous classes of food components lipids, carbohydrates and related substances, proteins, peptides, amino acids, biogenic amines, phenolics, vitamins, and some selected contaminants. 

Sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids, fatty acids, amino acids, biogenic amines E coli GC-TOF-MS 62... 

Detection of amino acids, biogenic amines, ephedrine. 

S. Oguri, Electromigration methods for amino acids, biogenic amines and aromatic amines, J. Chromatogr. B, 747, 1-19, 2000. 

Redruello, B., Ladero, V., Cuesta, 1., Alvarez-Buylla, 1. R., Martm, M. C., Fernandez, M., et al. (2013). A fast, rehable, ultra high performance hquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of amino acids, biogenic amines and ammonium ions in cheese, using diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate as a derivatising agent. Food Chemistry, 139, 1029-1035. http //dx.doi.Org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.071. 

Expansion of application area of IC, in particular, in analysis of sugars, amino acids, biogenic amines, etc. 

Substituted amides derived from amino acids (biogenic amines) and cinnamic acids are also frequent components. Amides derived from biogenic amines are constituents of cell walls of higher... 

Oda H, Yokokawa C (1983) Adsorption of aromatic amines and o-substituted derivatives of phenol from organic solutions by activated carbons-effect of surface acidity. Carbon 21(5) 485 89. http //www.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(83)90141-0 Oguri S (2000) Electromigration methods for amino acids, biogenic amines and aromatic amines. 

The following are amongst the reagents that have been reported as being added to the mobile phase acids for quinine alkaloids [184], ninhydnn for amino acids [185 — 187], fluorescamine for biogenic amines [188] Fluorescein sodium [189], dichlorofluorescein [190], rhodamine 6G [191], ANS reagent [192] and bromine [193] have all been descnbed as additives to mobile phases... 

Neurotransmitter and biogenic amine derived from the amino acid histidine synthesized in hypothalamic tuber-omamillary neurons (TMN) to maintain wakefulness, feeding rhythms, energy balance, neuroendocrine autonomic control, and memory functions prominent immu-nomodulator and proinflammatory signal released from mast cells in response to allergic reactions or tissue damage. 

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine is an important biogenic amine, which is synthesized via 5-hydroxy-tryptophan from the amino acid tryptophan. The highest concentration of serotonin occurs in the wall of the intestine. About 90% of the total amount is present in enterochromaffrn cells, which are derived from the neural crest, similarly to those of the adrenal medulla. 

Pyridoxal phosphate mainly serves as coenzyme in the amino acid metabolism and is covalently bound to its enzyme via a Schiff base. In the enzymatic reaction, the amino group of the substrate and the aldehyde group of PLP form a Schiff base, too. The subsequent reactions can take place at the a-, (3-, or y-carbon of the respective substrate. Common types of reactions are decarboxylations (formation of biogenic amines), transaminations (transfer of the amino nitrogen of one amino acid to the keto analog of another amino acid), and eliminations. 

These are four monoamines synthesized and seereted within many mammalian tissues, ineluding various regions in the brain, sympathetic nervous system, enlero-chromafhn cells of the digestive tract, and adrenal mednlla. These biogenic amines (indoleamine and catecholamines — dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) are synthesized within the cell from their precursor amino acids and have been associated with many physiological and behavioral functions in animals and humans. 

Figure 1. Biosynthetic pathways for biogenic amines. In Drosophila and vertebrates decarboxylation of DOPA and 5-hydroxy-tryptophan is catalyzed by the same enzyme, DDC. In vertebrates this enzyme is called amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). Only vertebrates further metabolize dopamine to norepinephrine and epinephrine. TH, tryosine hydroxylase DDC, DOPA decarboxylase DBH, dopamine b-hydroxylase PNMT, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Tryp-OH tryptophan hydroxylase.

Prabhu V, Karanth KS, Rao A. Effects of Nardostachys jatamansi on biogenic amines and inhibitory amino acids in the rat brain. Planta Med 1994 60 114. 

Function To donate methyl groups to phospholipid, biogenic amines, thymidine, and amino acid biosynthesis To provide one-carbon fragments at the level of formaldehyde and formic acid for purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis Location Most everywhere... 

Various important LC methods for amino acid, peptide and protein analysis were reviewed and evaluated126,127. A review of HPLC methods for the analysis of selected biogenic amines in foods appeared, including methods for extraction and for elimination of interfering compounds128. 

---