Amidation extracellular matrix

HOCl-mediated protein oxidation accelerates under pathophysiological conditions. Thus, proteins from extracellular matrix obtained from advanced human atherosclerotic lesions contained the enhanced levels of oxidized amino acids (DOPA and dityrosine) compared to healthy arterial tissue [44], It was also found that superoxide enhanced the prooxidant effect of hypochlorite in protein oxidation supposedly by the decomposition of chloramines and chlor-amides forming nitrogen-centered free radicals and increasing protein fragmentation [45], In addition to chlorination, hypochlorite is able to oxidize proteins. The most readily oxidized amino acid residue of protein is methionine. Methionine is reversibly oxidized by many oxidants including hypochlorite to methionine sulfide and irreversibly to methionine sulfone [46] ... 

Matrix metalloproteinases are a recently discovered class of zinc enzymes able to degrade extracellular matrix components. [Zn(OH)TpCum,Me)] has been reported to cleave activated amides and ester.130 The reaction of [Zn(OH)(TpPB,Me)] with acetohydroxamic acid has been also described,131 as well as protonolis of zinc thiolate bond in [Zn(SPh)(Tpph)].132... 

Solid state NMR has been employed to determine a number of distances and torsion angles in an elastin-mimetic peptide, (VPGVG)3, to understand the structural basis of elasticity. Elastin is an extracellular-matrix protein that imparts elasticity to tissues. The C. .. H and C. .. N distances between the V6 carbonyl and the V9 amide segment were measured using and C- H... 

Reprinted from permission of Journal of Biomedical Materials Research (Sa-Lima, H., Tuzlakoglu, K., Mano, J.R, Reis, R.L., 2011. Thermoresponsive poly (N-isopropylacryl-amide)-g-methylcellulose hydrogel as a three-dimensional extracellular matrix for cartilage-engineered applications. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 98 (4), 596-603). Copyright 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 

The matrix metalloprotease (MMP) family of zinc hydrolases are thought to play important roles in extracellular tissue remodeling in angiogenesis and other normal physiological processes, in some inflammatory processes and in metastatic processes in cancer. Like the zinc carboxypeptidases, the MMPs also utilize a zinc-coordinated water molecule to initiate attack on the scissile amide bond of protein substrates. These enzymes are synthesized by the ribosome in a latent form composed of a catalytic domain and an N-terminal extension, referred to as the prodomain the latent, or inactive form of the enzyme is referred to as a zymogen or... 

The remarkable barrier function of the skin is primarily located in the stratum corneum (SC), the thin, outermost layer of the epidermis. The SC consists of several layers of protein-filled corneocytes (i.e., terminally differentiated keratinocytes) embedded in an extracellular lipid matrix. Attached to the outer cor-neocyte envelope are long-chain covalently bound cer-amides that interact with the lipids of the extracellular space. These lipids are composed primarily of free fatty acids, ceramides, and cholesterol arranged in multiple lamellae.f Passive permeation across the SC is believed to occur primarily via the intercellular... 

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