Ames mutagenicity test extracts

Schimmer, O., A. Kruger, H. PauUni, and F. Haefele. 1994. An evaluation of 55 commercial plant extracts in the Ames mutagenicity test. Pharmazie 49 448-451. 

In the Ames mutagenicity test with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TAIOO, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538, no mutagenic activity of an oleyl alcohol eluant extract of wild yam was observed with or without metabolic activation (Hooker 2004). 

White, R.D., P.H. Krumperman, P.R. Cheeke, and D.R. Buhler. 1983. An evaluation of acetone extracts from six plants in the Ames mutagenicity test. Toxicol. Lett. 15(1) 25-31. 

No mutagenic activity of aqueous or methanolic extracts of Seneca snakeroot was observed in the Ames mutagenicity test with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TAIOO (Morimoto et al. 1982). 

Aeschbacher HU, Finot PA, WoUeb U. 1983. Interactions of histidine-containing test substances and extraction methods with Ames mutagenicity test. Mutat Res 113 103-116. 

In the Ames test for mutagenicity, ethanol extracts of arnica produced a two- to fourfold increase in the number of rever-tants, as compared to controls with S. typhimurium TA98 with and without metabolic activation and with S. typhimurium TAIOO with metabolic activation an increase was not seen with TAIOO without metabolic activation (Goggelmann and Schimmer 1986). The authors indicated that the effect was likely due to the flavonol compounds in arnica, noting that "the origin of the plant is important for the presence of essential components" and that results can differ based on the district of growth and the preparation of the extract (Goggelmann and Schimmer 1986). 

Shah, R.G., and M.S. Netrawali. 1988. Evaluation of mutagenic activity of turmeric extract containing curcumin, before and after activation with mammalian cecal microbial extract of Uver microsomal fraction, in the Ames Salmonella test. Bull. Env. Contam. Toxicol. 40(3) 350-357. 

In the Ames test for mutagenicity, an extract of oak heart-wood did not exhibit any mutagenic activity (Weissmann et al. 1989). 

In the Ames mutagenicity assay, an extract of bloodroot tested weakly positive in Salmonella typhimurium (Ames assay) with metabolic activation, while no mutagenic activity of the compound sanguinarine was observed with or without metabolic activation. No mutagenic activity was observed in E. colt in the unscheduled DNA synthesis assay in rat hepatocytes (Frankos et al. 1990). 

Mutagenicity Testing - Direct-acting Ames assay activities (TA9 for the total extract and individual fractions were measured using procedures previously described (3,14) The moderately polar fractions accounted for about 10% of the total extract mass and 70% of the total recovered extract mutagenicity. Fractions 3, 4 and 5 accounted for approximately 50% of the total recovered extract mutagenicity. 

In our laboratory (Skiles and Felton, unpublished results), we have reacted 3H-IQ with Aroclor-induced rat liver microsomes and extracted the metabolites. These metabolites were then separated by normal phase HPLC and assessed for their mutagenicity. One metabolite representing less than 20% of the total metabolism was acid labile and direct acting (no requirement for S9 or microsomes) in the Ames/Salmonella test. Estimates for the specific activity of this compound are 1-3 X 10E6 revertants per ug, very similar to the figure calculated by Yamazoe et al. (1983) for N-hydroxy IQ. Identification of this metabolite plus at least two other polar metabolites is presently underway. 

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