Ambient Temperature Example

Summary Table of Relevant Control Room PMV and PPD Values 

Sedentary (e.g., desk-based work light (e.g., light 20 -1.58 60 

A temperature lower than 20°C is required to yield further improvements in PMV and 

The analysis showed very small differences in air temperature around the control room. One work station measured a little cooler than the others, and it was determined that the air-conditioning equipment in the direct vicinity sometimes created a slight cooling draft. Likewise, the workstation in front of it was a little warmer. The differences are very small, however, and the air conditioning system installed in this example has over 20 possible air-flow patterns and a wide range of adjustment. The small differences noted appear to fall within the domain of fine tuning. 

FIGURE 13.3 Test equipment used to take environmental measurements at workstations. 

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However, except in special cases, homolysis is not an important reaction in biology. Perhaps it is the reverse that needs to be considered. Thus, certain radicals do not dimerize or react together, and others dimerize reversibly at ambient temperatures. Examples include 02 -, NO and N02, the last forming N204 reversibly. 

Cydopropenes generally react readily with furan at ambient temperature. Examples are given in Table 15. 

PCBs, PCB-contaminated soils, CAHs and CAH-contaminated soils (as received clay loam and sandy soils) were readily decontaminated in om laboratory with Na/NHa at ambient temperature. Example decontaminations of PCBs from soils are illustrated in Table 1. Typically, the soil is slurred in liquid NHs and then metallic Na is added. No special effort is made to dry the soil. Soil slurry reactions are completed within about 30 sec. and the NHa is flashed off and recovered for recycle. PCB-destruction efficiencies of >99.9 have been demonstrated both in our laboratory and at Coimnodore Solutions Technologies. In these reactions all chlorine is converted to NaQ. Similar results have been achieved with CAH-contaminated soils. This is illustrated in Table 2 for soils contaminated with carbon tetrachloride, CCU- These soils were not dried and in... 

Example 6.4 The process in Fig. 6.2 is to have its hot utility supplied by a furnace. The theoretical flame temperature for combustion is 1800°C, and the acid dew point for the flue gas is 160°C. Ambient temperature is 10°C. Assume = 10°C for process-to-process heat transfer but = 30°C for flue-gas-to-process heat transfer. A high value for for flue-gas-to-process heat... 

Conventional associative ionization (AI) occurring at ambient temperature proceeds in two steps excitation of isolated atoms followed by molecular autoionization as the two atoms approach on excited molecular potentials. In sodium for example [44]... 

Polymerization Initiator. Some unsaturated monomers can be polymerized through the aid of free radicals generated, as transient intermediates, in the course of a redox reaction. The electron-transfer step during the redox process causes the scission of an intermediate to produce an active free radical. The ceric ion, Ce" ", is a strong one-electron oxidizing agent that can readily initiate the redox polymerization of, for example, vinyl monomers in aqueous media at near ambient temperatures (40). The reaction scheme is... 

Polymerization. CPD dimerizes spontaneously and exothermically at ambient temperature to DCPD. At temperatures above 100°C, CPD can be made to polymerize noncatalytically via a series of consecutive Diels-Alder reactions to trimer, tetramers, and higher oligomers. Eor example, the trimers, 3a,4,4a,5,8,8a,9,9a-octahydro-4,9 5,8-dimethanobenz-lJT-[ iQdene, [7158-25-0] (3) and l,4,4a,4b,5,8,8a,9a-octahydro-l,4 5,8-dimethano-lJT-fluorene [35184-08-8] (4), are formed ia the ratio 87 13 by the monomer adding to the dimer (19). 

It has been claimed that the D-D fusion reaction occurs when D2O is electroly2ed with a metal cathode, preferably palladium, at ambient temperatures. This claim for a cold nuclear fusion reaction that evolves heat has created great interest, and has engendered a voluminous titerature filled with claims for and against. The proponents of cold fusion report the formation of tritium and neutrons by electrolysis of D2O, the expected stigmata of a nuclear reaction. Some workers have even claimed to observe cold fusion by electrolysis of ordinary water (see, for example. Ref. 91). The claim has also been made for the formation of tritium by electrolysis of water (92). On the other hand, there are many experimental results that cast serious doubts on the reahty of cold fusion (93—96). Theoretical calculations indicate that cold fusions of D may indeed occur, but at the vanishingly small rate of 10 events per second (97). As of this writing the cold fusion controversy has not been entirely resolved. 

Refrigeration is an extremely valuable utiUty because of the work required to raise the energy to ambient temperature. Its value goes up direcdy as the temperature gap between ambient and use level goes up. For example, whereas refrigeration at —25° C is worth approximately as much as heat at 250°C, refrigeration at —75°C is worth twice as much. 

Changing the ambient temperature around the pipe to a temperature that 1 avoid low-temperature problems. Burying water pipes below the frost line or running them through a heated building are the two most common examples of this method. 

The galvanic potential of metals can vary in response to environmental changes such as changes in fluid chemistry, fluid-flow rate, and fluid temperature. For example, at ambient temperatures steel is noble to zinc (as in galvanized steel). In waters of certain chemistries, however, a potential reversal may occur at temperatures above 140°F (60°C), and the zinc becomes noble to the steel. 

For a higher ambient temperature, the end temperature of the winding will exceed the permissible limit by the amount the ambient temperature is higher. For example, for a class E motor, an ambient temperature of 30°C will cause the end temperature to reach I25°C as against 115°C permissible by the resistance method. For details refer to Sections 9.1 and I 1.3.2. 

Emission factors must be also critically examined to determine the tests from which they were obtained. For example, carbon monoxide from an automobile will vary with the load, engine speed, displacement, ambient temperature, coolant temperature, ignition timing, carburetor adjustment, engine condition, etc. However, in order to evaluate the overall emission of carbon monoxide to an area, we must settle on an average value that we can multiply by the number of cars, or kilometers driven per year, to determine the total carbon monoxide released to the area. 

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