Aluminum in surface waters

Driscoll, C. T., Postek, K. M., The Chemistry of aluminum in surface waters, in The environmental Chemistry of Aluminum, ed. G. Sposito, 2nd edition, CRC Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1996, pp. 364-418, ISBN 1566700302. 

Courtijn E, Vandecasteele C, Dams R. 1990. Speciation of aluminum in surface water. Sci Total... 

Aluminum is a major component of continental materials and is present in seawater at low concentrations in regions devoid of large dust deposition due to the short residence time of aluminum in surface waters (3-5 yr Orians and Bruland, 1986). Therefore, dissolved aluminum... 

Driscoll CT (1989) The chemistry of aluminum in surface waters. In Sposito G (ed) The environmental chemistry of aluminum. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 241-278... 

This frontier s practical opportunities were first developed with submarines, which until the nuclear ones were limited to depths of only a few hundred feet. Many thousands of feet can now be navigated. The crushing pressures below the surface, which increase at a rate of about V2 psi per foot of depth, make corrosion a major threat to the operation and durability of many materials. For example, the life of uncoated magnesium bolts in contact with steel nuts is less than seventy-two hours, aluminum buoys will corrode and pit after only eleven months at just four hundred feet, and low-carbon steel corroded at a rate one-third greater than in surface waters. 

Aluminum levels in surface waters can be increased directly or indirectly by human activity through industrial and municipal discharges, surface run-off, tributary inflow, groundwater seepage, and wet and... 

Aluminum has been identified in surface water, leachate, and groundwater samples collected at 227, 54, and 336 of the 427 NPF hazardous waste sites, respectively, where it has been detected in some environmental media (HazDat 1996). 

Because phosphate is a necessary nutrient in ecological systems, this immobilization of both aluminum and phosphate may result in depleted nutrient states in surface water (Brusewitz 1984). Conversely, aluminum has been added to a nutrient-rich lake in Sweden with some success in an effort to arrest the "aging process" caused by an overabundance of phosphate (Jemelov 1971). 

Alvarez E, Perez A, Calvo R. 1993. Aluminum speciation in surface waters and soil solutions in areas of sulphide mineralization in Galicia (N.W. Spain). Sci Total Environ 133 17-37. 

Goenaga X, Williams DJA. 1988. Aluminum speciation in surface waters from a Welsh upland area. Environ Pollut 52 131-149. 

Sullivan T. J., Driscoll C. T., Gherini S. A., Munson R. K., Cook R. B., Charles D. F., and Yatsko C. P. (1989) Influence of aqueous aluminum and organic acids on measurement of acid neutralizing capacity in surface waters. Nature 338, 408-410. 

Iron and aluminum oxyhydroxides and hydroxysulfates with sorbed metals that form in ARD and in surface waters affected by ARD. 

We have made a study of the reaction of aluminum in alkaline water (37), where again H2 is produced. When N20-methanol scavenging competition is applied, N2 is generated and the indications are that the precursor of H2 is again e aq. In this system the results were irreproducible from one experiment to the next mainly because of the difficulty in obtaining the same surface area of contact between metal and solution. 

Tests on plastics in deep water have been extremely encouraging. Low-carbon steel corroded at a rate one-third greater than in surface waters. Filament-wound reinforced plastic cylinders and PVC buoys retained their strength. PVC washers and the silicone sealing compound used in steel-to-aluminum joints helped prevent corrosion. 

FIGURE 7.9 The limiting elongation of sodium chloride crystals as a function of temperature in air and upon contact with zinc chloride and aluminum chloride. (From Skvortsova, Z.N. et al.. Mechanics of fracture of cohesive boundaries with different concentrations of foreign inclusions, in The Successes of Colloid Chemistry and Physical-Chemical Mechanics, E.D. Shchukin (Ed.), Nauka, Moscow, Russia, 1992, pp. 222-228 Traskin, V.Y. et al., Doklady AN SSSR, 191, 876, 1970 Traskin, V.Y. and Skvortsova, Z.N., Thermodynamic activity of water in electrolyte solutions and their impact on the strength of solids, in Surface Water Films in Dispersed Structures, E.D. Shchukin (Ed.), Izd. MGU, Moscow, Russia, 1988, pp. 197-202.)... 

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