Buffer aluminum hydroxide

Kreuter and Speiser [77] developed a dispersion polymerization producing adjuvant nanospheres of polymethylmethacrylate) (PMMA). The monomer is dissolved in phosphate buffered saline and initiated by gamma radiation in the presence and absence of influenza virions. These systems showed enhanced adjuvant effect over aluminum hydroxide and prolonged antibody response. PMMA particles could be distinguished by TEM studies and the particle size was reported elsewhere to be 130 nm by photon correlation spectroscopy [75], The particle size could be reduced, producing monodisperse particles by inclusion of protective colloids, such as proteins or casein [40], Poly(methylmethacrylate) nanoparticles are also prepared... 

Aspirin s original use as an analgesic, antipyretic, and to reduce inflammation continues to this day, and more recently some evidence has been found that it may lessen the chance of heart attacks due to its effect as a blood thinner. Just as aspirin continues to provide the same benefits as a century ago, it also produces some of the same problems. The major problem is that it can upset the stomach. In the acidic environment of the stomach, aspirin can diffuse through the protective mucous lining of the stomach and rupture cells and produce bleeding. Under normal doses, the amount of blood loss in most individuals is only a milliliter or two, but in some individuals who take heavy doses bleeding can be severe. To counterattack this side effect, manufacturers include an antacid such as aluminum hydroxide and call the aspirin a buffered aspirin. As noted previ-... 

Hydroxyaluminum compounds are considered "amphoteric" (e.g., they can act as both acids and bases in solution) (Cotton and Wilkinson 1988). Because of this property, aluminum hydroxides can act as buffers and resist pH changes within the narrow pH range of 4-5 (Brusewitz 1984). 

Aluminum compounds are also used extensively in the manufacture of cosmetics (e.g., aluminum hexahydrate in deodorants) and in medical treatments (e.g., aluminum hydroxide in antacids to control gastric hyperacidity or aluminum oxide in dental ceramic implants) (Brusewitz 1984 NRC 1982). In addition, antacids and buffered aspirin contain 4-562 mg/kg (ppm) of aluminum (Schenck et al. 1989 Shore and Wyatt 1983). Lione (1985a) reported aluminum content/dose (single tablet or 5 mL liquid) for antacids, internal analgesics (buffered aspirins), antidiarrheals, and anti-ulcerative drugs (Table 5-7). 

Internal analgesics (buffered aspirins) a. aluminum hydroxide 9-52 126-728... 

The acid generated through sulfide oxidation reacts with the nonsulfide gangue minerals within the mine wastes. The most significant pH-buffering reactions in mine settings are the dissolution of carbonate minerals, aluminum hydroxide and ferric oxyhydroxide minerals, and aluminosilicate minerals. 

Each 0.5 mL of the vaccine consists of 10 meg of hepatitis B surface antigen adsorbed on 0.25 mg of aluminum as aluminum hydroxide with a trace amount of thimerosal (<0.5 meg of mercury) from the manufacturing process, sodium chloride (9 mg/mL), and phosphate buffers (disodium phosphate dihydrate, 0.98 mg/mL sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, 0.71 mg/mL). Each 1-mL adult dose consists of 20 meg of hepatitis B surface antigen adsorbed on 0.5 mg of aluminum as aluminum hydroxide. The adult vaccine is formulated without preservatives. The adult formulation contains a trace amount of thimerosal (<1.0 meg of mercury) from the manufacturing process, sodium chloride (9 mg/mL), and phosphate buffers (disodium phosphate dihydrate, 0.98 mg/mL sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, 0.71 mg/mL). 

Furthermore, certain factors may increase intestinal aluminum absorption. We have previously described severe hyperaluminemia resulting in an acute rapidly fatal encephalopathy in four uremic patients who had been taking aluminum hydroxide and Shohl s solution, an alkalinizing buffer of sodium citrate and citric acid. The encephalopathy resembled the earlier dialysis dementia of the 1970s, but was much more acute, culminating in death within 3 weeks (B4, B5). 

Groundwater at MW-86 is at the second geochemical phase when calcite in the aquifer is depleted. The fluid pH of the groundwater is reduced to about 4.5 and is buffered by amorphous aluminum hydroxide or kaolinite. 

Buffered aspirin Aspirin, magnesium carbonate, aluminum hydroxide-glycine... 

Antacids are bases used to neutralize the acid that causes heartburn. The most common antacid ingredients are magnesium and aluminum hydroxides, and bicarbonate or carbonate salts (Table 9.4). Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) was used to relieve indigestion before many of the other commercial products became available. The bicarbonate ion, a basic anion of a weak acid, reacts with the hydronium ion from hydrochloric acid to form carbonic acid, which decomposes to give carbon dioxide and water. Note this is the same mechanism by which the blood buffering system neutralizes acid. 

Direct synthesis is perhaps the single most widely used method of preparation. This method involves nucleating and growing the metal hydroxide layer by mixing an aqueous solution containing the salts of two metal ions, in the presence of the desired anion, and a base 50% sodium hydroxide is particularly useful for this purpose, since the common ion effect keeps it relatively free of carbonate (see later). It has been demonstrated that LDH materials form in preference to a mixture of the individual metal hydroxides (68) and that, in the case of aluminum as the trivalent cation, they generally do so through an aluminum hydroxide intermediate. Variations of this method include titration at constant or varied pH and buffered precipitation. 

All water used in the analysis is deionized and polished with a Millipore Simplicity system, available from Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA. Two reagents are used in the sample boats to assist the combustion of organic materials. Additive B is a coarse aluminum oxide. Additive M is a 35 50 combination of calcium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. The additives, specially prepared by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan, are available for purchase through NIC. The phosphate buffer in the scrubber vessel was prepared finm a powdered concentrate (Wako). 

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