Alumina constants 97

Similar, very detailed studies were made by Ebert [112] on water adsorbed on alumina with similar conclusions. Water adsorbed on zeolites showed a dielectric constant of only 14-21, indicating greatly reduced mobility of the water dipoles [113]. Similar results were found for ammonia adsorbed in Vycor glass [114]. Klier and Zettlemoyer [114a] have reviewed a number of aspects of the molecular structure and dynamics of water at the surface of an inorganic material. 

As with any system, there are complications in the details. The CO sticking probability is high and constant until a 0 of about 0.5, but then drops rapidly [306a]. Practical catalysts often consist of nanometer size particles supported on an oxide such as alumina or silica. Different crystal facets behave differently and RAIRS spectroscopy reveals that CO may adsorb with various kinds of bonding and on various kinds of sites (three-fold hollow, bridging, linear) [307]. See Ref 309 for a discussion of some debates on the matter. In the case of Pd crystallites on a-Al203, it is proposed that CO impinging on the support... 

This reaction is first conducted on a chromium-promoted iron oxide catalyst in the high temperature shift (HTS) reactor at about 370°C at the inlet. This catalyst is usually in the form of 6 x 6-mm or 9.5 x 9.5-mm tablets, SV about 4000 h . Converted gases are cooled outside of the HTS by producing steam or heating boiler feed water and are sent to the low temperature shift (LTS) converter at about 200—215°C to complete the water gas shift reaction. The LTS catalyst is a copper—zinc oxide catalyst supported on alumina. CO content of the effluent gas is usually 0.1—0.25% on a dry gas basis and has a 14°C approach to equihbrium, ie, an equihbrium temperature 14°C higher than actual, and SV about 4000 h . Operating at as low a temperature as possible is advantageous because of the more favorable equihbrium constants. The product gas from this section contains about 77% H2, 18% CO2, 0.30% CO, and 4.7% CH. ... 

Alumina, or aluminum oxide [1344-28-17, has a thermal conductivity 20 times higher than that of most oxides (5). The flexural strength of commercial high alumina ceramics is two to four times greater than those of most oxide ceramics. The drawbacks of alumina ceramics are their relatively high thermal expansion compared to the chip material (siUcon) and their moderately high dielectric constant. 

Although beryllium oxide [1304-56-9] is in many ways superior to most commonly used alumina-based ceramics, the principal drawback of beryUia-based ceramics is their toxicity thus they should be handled with care. The thermal conductivity of beryUia is roughly about 10 times that of commonly used alumina-based materials (5). BeryUia [1304-56-9] has a lower dielectric constant, a lower coefficient of thermal expansion, and slightly less strength than alumina. Aluminum nitride materials have begun to appear as alternatives to beryUia. Aluminum nitride [24304-00-5] has a thermal conductivity comparable to that of beryUia, but deteriorates less with temperature the thermal conductivity of aluminum nitride can, theoreticaUy, be raised to over 300 W/(m-K) (6). The dielectric constant of aluminum nitride is comparable to that of alumina, but the coefficient of thermal expansion is lower. 

Diethylamine [109-89-7] M 73.1, b 55.5, d 0.707, n 1.38637, pK 11.38. Dried with LiAlH4 or KOH pellets. Refluxed with, and distd from, BaO or KOH. Converted to the p-toluenesulfonamide and crystd to constant melting point from dry pet ether (b 90-120 ), then hydrolysed with HCl, excess NaOH was added, and the amine passed through a tower of activated alumina, redistd and dried with activated alumina before use [Swift 7 Am Chem Soc 64 115 1942]. 

The green cokes were calcined by placing a weighed amount of green coke into an alumina tube. The tube was fitted with end caps to allow for a constant purge of nitrogen. The alumina tube was then inserted into a high-temperature furnace and the temperature raised to about 1000°C for a period between 30 and 60 minutes. The furnace was turned off, cooled to room temperature, and the product recovered to determine the calcined coke yield. 

The alumina column was moderated by a constant concentration of water vapor in the carrier gas. As the temperature of the distribution system was increased, less of the water moderator was adsorbed on the surface. As a consequence, the alumina became... 

In addition, a significant amount of fine catalyst dust is produced in FCCUs as a result of the constant movement of the catalyst grains against each other. Much of this dust, consisting primarily of alumina and relatively small amounts of nickel, is carried with the carbon monoxide strewn to the carbon monoxide burner. 

The rhodium catalyst (46 mg) is dissolved in acetone (10 ml) in a microhydrogenation apparatus which is then flushed three times with deuterium gas. After stirring the solution in an atmosphere of deuterium for about 1 hr the deuterium uptake ceases and constant pressure is attained. 5a-Cholest-2-ene (136, 19.5 mg) is added and the stirring continued until deuterium uptake ceases (about 3/4 hr). The solvent is evaporated to dryness and the residue is extracted with hexane and the resulting solution filtered through a small alumina column (3 g, activity 111). Evaporation of the hexane gives 2, 3 -d2-5oc-cholestane (137) 18 mg, 92% mp 78-79° isotope composition 94%d2,5%d, andl%do. ... 

A solution of 1 g of (239) in 80 ml cyclohexane is irradiated as described above. After 3 hr e reaches a constant value of 4700. The solvent is evaporated and the residue chromatographed on alumina (40 g). Elution with pentane-benzene (3 1) gives 0.14 g unreacted starting material... 

Typical conditions for the disproportionation reaction are 450-530°C and 20 atmospheres. A mixture of C0O-M0O3 on aluminosilicates/alumina catalysts can he used. Conversions of approximately 40% are normally used to avoid more side reactions and faster catalyst deactivation. The equilihrium constants for this reaction are not significantly changed hy shifting from liquid to vapor phase or hy large temperature changes. 

Life and reliability data of / "-alumina tubes have been reported by Barow[24], Table 7 includes the dimensions and physical properties of / "-alumina tubes, and Table 8 shows the resistivity of / " -alumina tubes at 300 and 350 °C. The resistivity at 350 °C reported by Heavens [25] is somewhat lower. The resistivity of / " -alumina remains nearly constant even when zirconia is added (Fig. 14). 

The reducibility of the catalyst is demonstrated in Figure 6 which shows the activity of catalysts, measured as described above, after reduction to constant activity at temperatures of 280°-350°C (536°-662°F). It will be seen that ICI catalyst 11-3 compares favorably with other catalysts which contain larger amounts of alumina and consequently are more difficult to reduce at acceptable temperatures. 

If the same quantity of active ingredient is concentrated in an outside shell of thickness 0.015 cm, one obtains y> = 2.27. This would yield an effectiveness factor of 0.431 in a slab geometry, and the apparent kinetic constant has risen to 99.2 sec-1. If the active ingredient is further concentrated in a shell of 0.0025 cm, one obtains y> = 0.38, an effectiveness factor of 0.957, and an apparent kinetic constant of 220 sec-1. These calculations are comparable to the data given in Fig. 15. This analysis applies just as well to the monolith, where the highly porous alumina washcoat should not be thicker than 0.001 in. 

Proton magnetic resonance (CDC13) 8, number of protons, multiplicity, coupling constant J in Hz. 1.5-2.2 (2, multiple ), 2.7-3.0 (4, multiplct), 7.0 (1, doublet, J = 2.5), 7.1-7.5 (6, multiplet), 7.7-8.2 (4, multiplet). A sample recrystallized from methanol-chloroform melted at 183-185°. The submitters also obtained pure product, m.p. 181-183°, after chromatography on basic alumina with 20% petroleum ether in dichloromethane as eluent. 

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