Alternative to animal experimentation

An admirable discussion of the issues will be found in Paton W 1984 Man and mouse. Oxford, London and in Zbinden G 1990 Alternatives to animal experimentation. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 11 104 Brimblecome R W, Dayan A D1993 In Burley D M, Clarke J M, Lasagna L (eds) Pharmaceutical Medicine. Arnold, London... 

Alternatives to Animal Testing and Experimentation AATEX (Japanese Society of Alternatives to Animal Experimentation)... 

Key words Chemical risk assessment, Toxicity testing, Alternative to animal experimentation, Animal-free, In vitro test systems, Systems toxicology... 

H. G. Wada and co- Animal Testing and Experimentation submitted for publication Nov. 1991. 

Figure 3-1 Integrated risk assessment strategy. Reprinted from Cell Biology and Toxicology, vol. 23, issue 4, Dumotier et al. "Preclinical cardio-safety assessment of torsadogeic risk and alternative methods to animal experimentation The inseparable twins," Jan. 1, 2007, with permission from Elsevier.

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) available together with relevant forms for recording and data analysis, via the DataBase service on ALternative Methods to animal experimentation (DB-ALM). 

The use of microorganisms as a complementary tool in the study of drug metabolism is certainly becoming more popular. The examples cited above provide additional evidence of the utility of such systems as alternative in vitro models for investigating drug metabolism in humans. However, as mentioned above, no in vitro model could ever completely replace animal experimentation in medical research, and the predictive value of microbial systems, even if they frequently correlate with their animal counterpart, is questionable. Nevertheless, microorganisms can be used as a reliable and efficient alternative to small animals or... 

In 2000 the Declaration of Helsinki on biomedical research was amended and now takes into account the Three Rs. It now opens possibilities for testing in humans based, among other sources of information, on data obtained from validated in vitro analysis without using live animals. In light of this development more focus should be given to alternative approaches in relation to human experimentation. 

Toxicological Sciences, the official SOT journal, is distributed monthly in print and electronically. The journal publishes premier peer-reviewed, hypothesis-driven, original research articles that are broadly relevant to assessing the potentially adverse health effects resulting from exposure of humans or animals to chemicals, drugs, natural products, or synthetic materials. Studies may involve experimental animals or human subjects, or they may focus on in vitro methods or alternatives to the use of experimental animals. Sections include original research, reviews, forum articles on policy or research issues, editorials, letters to the editor, and supplementary data guidelines. 

In situ perfusion of intestinal segments provides an excellent alternative to everted rings or isolated intestinal tissue for experimental determination of permeability [75]. The perfusion technique has been characterized extensively using rat as an animal model. A number of in situ flow patterns have been utilized to... 

Kimber I. Skin sensitisation immunological mechanisms and novel approaches to predictive testing. In Balls M, Van Zeller A-M, Haider M, eds. Proceedings of the Third World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences. Progress in the Reduction, Refinement and Replacement of Animal Experimentation. Amsterdam Elsevier, 2000 613-21. 

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