Alternative energy, membrane

Tomlinson, T. R., and Finn, A. J., Hydrogen ftnm Off-Gases, The Membrane Alternative Energy Implications for Industry, The Watt Committee on Energy, TTnnimitv nf Rath TI.K.. March 29-30. 1989. 

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are being considered as a potential alternative energy conversion device for mobile power applications. Since the electrolyte of a PEM fuel cell can function at low temperatures (typically at 80 °C), PEMFCs are unique from the other commercially viable types of fuel cells. Moreover, the electrolyte membrane and other cell components can be manufactured very thin, allowing for high power production to be achieved within a small volume of space. Thus, the combination of small size and fast start-up makes PEMFCs an excellent candidate for use in mobile power applications, such as laptop computers, cell phones, and automobiles. 

Dobrovolski Yu. A., Pisareva A.V., Leonova L.S., Karelin A.I. A new protonconducting membrane for fuel cells and gas sensors. International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE) No 12(20) 2004, 36-41. 

One of the instruments obtained by ERDA will be evaluated at ORNL to assess its potential as a monitor for hazardous by-products from alternative energy sources. Investigations to determine the desirability of a membrane inlet system for concentrating organic vapors are planned. The feasibility of using a portable gas chromatograph with the portable mass spectrometer, when a complex mixture analysis is required, is also being studied. 

In the past two decades, fuel cells and in particular imi-exchange membranes have become a top priority topic in material research. Fuel cells are seen as promising alternative energy conversion systems replacing the combustion-based techniques. Among the various types of fuel cells, the low-temperature fuel cells like the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFQ, DMFC, or alkaline fuel cell (AFC) are the most flexible ones concerning range of appUcations e.g. portable, automotive, and stationary. 

Process intensifying methods, such as the integration of reaction and separation steps in multifunctional reactors (examples reactive distillation, membrane reactors, fuel cells), hybrid separations (example membrane distillation), alternative energy sources, and new operation modes (example periodic operations). 

Second, an analysis such as life cycle analysis or environmental impact assessment should be performed on water treatment systems. This analysis should include issues such as treatment plant construction, membrane manufacturing, chemicals consumption, waste production (concentrate streams, sludge, membranes), energy consumption (with the option to apply alternative energies), as well as health aspects and risk assessment. 

ArsA is a membrane-associated ATPase (see Fig. 3) (45,46) attached to the ArsB inner-membrane protein (30,47) and energizing the arsenite efflux pump by ATP hydrolysis (33,39). Such alternative energy coupling is unique among known bacterial uptake or efflux transport systems. To date, all other systems that have been studied are either membrane potential-driven or ATP-driven transporters. The ArsAB pump is the only one that can be converted from one form of energy coupling to the other by addition or removal of genes. This is a natural phenomenon (8) and also can be reconstructed in laboratory studies (33). 

Landfill and biogas are often small and localized operations where the methane is at low pressure and requires compression for membrane treatment. The methane gathered in these operations is often locally consumed. Both coal gasification and natural gas from Marcellus Shale on the East Coast have recently been championed in the United States as additional sources of fuels to help in the transition from a dependence on foreign oil to alternative energy sources. 

Another extensive recent review on the applications of MD technology in energy transformation processes has been published by Wang et al. (2009). Furthermore, a more general review of MD and other membrane processes associated with renewable/alternative energies for seawater and brackish water (with salinity < 10 000 ppm) desalination has recently been offered by Charcosset (2009) and by Mathioulakis et al. (2007). 

The fuel cell membranes offer potentially non-thermal full energy efficiency conversion as an alternative energy device. As mentioned, the requirement for the successful substitutes of Nafion membrane is low methanol permeability and overall... 

Laverty, B. and O hair, G. (1990) The applications of membrane technology in the natural gas industry. In The Membrane Alternative Energy Implications for Industry. Howell, J. A. (Ed.). London, Elsevier. 

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