Alpha magnet

Lamanna G. High-energy gamma-ray detection with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on board the International Space Station . Nuclear Physics B (Proc. Suppl.) 113 (2002) 177-185. 

Trains of -120 fs FWHM electron pulses have even been generated by an electron gun with a (continuous) thermionic cathode by using an alpha magnet and the excellent phase space control of electron guns to compress the accelerated bunches see Kung, P. Lihn, H. Wiedemann, H. Bocek, D. Phys Rev. Lett. 1994, 73, 967-970. 

To compress a pulse with the opposite (fast-to-slow) velocity skew, an alpha magnet can be used (Figure 4). In an alpha magnet, the field is varied along the axis X which bisects the input and output vectors. The highest energy particles take the longest path. 

Figure 4. Schematic representation of particle paths through an alpha magnet.

Both the chicane and alpha magnet compression schemes are achromatic, that is to say that the exit path is the same for all particle energies. Non-achromatic... 

Figure 4-12. Silica aerogel application as a Cherenkov counter installed in AMS (Alpha magnetic spectrometer).

Pulsed plasmas containing hydrogen isotopes can produce bursts of alpha particles and neutrons as a consequence of nuclear reactions. The neutrons are useful for radiation-effects testing and for other materials research. A dense plasma focus filled with deuterium at low pressure has produced 10 neutrons in a single pulse (76) (see Deuterium AND TRITIUM). Intense neutron fluxes also are expected from thermonuclear fusion research devices employing either magnetic or inertial confinement. 

Magnetic Susceptibility. Magnetization as a function of applied field was determined at various temperatures according to the Faraday method. A Cahn model RG microbalance and an Alpha model 4800 magnet were used In this respect. A detailed description of the technique used can be found in reference 4. 

J. J. Grimaldi, B. D. Sykes 1975, (Con-canavalin A a stopped flow nuclear magnetic resonance study of conformational changes induced by Mn++, Ca++, and alpha-methyl-D-mannoside),/. Biol. Chem. 250, 1618. 

Gamma rays (y) have high penetrating power and are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields. Beta particles ( 3) have a lower ionizing power and greater penetrating power than alpha particles (a). 

If the external magnetic field B(r), and m(r) have only a nonvanishing Z-component, B(r) = (0,0, B(r)) and m(r) = (0,0, m(r)), the universal functional F[p, m] may then be considered as a functional of the spin densities ps(r) and p(r), F[ps(r), p(r)], because the spin density is proportional to the z-component of the magnetization m(r) = p-bPsW P-b is the electron Bohr magneton. It is of worth mentioning that it is possible to define two spin densities that are the diagonal elements of the density matrix introduced by von Barth and Hedin [3]. These correspond to the spin-up (alpha) electrons density pT(r), and the spin-down (beta) electrons density p (r). In terms of these quantities, the electron and spin densities can be written as... 

TTie TOCSY 2D NMR experiment correlates all protons of a spin system, not just those directly connected via three chemical bonds. For the protein example, the alpha proton, Ft , and all the other protons are able to transfer magnetization to the beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon protons if they are connected by a continuous chain—that is, the continuous chain of protons in the side chains of the individual amino acids making up the protein. The COSY and TOCSY experiments are used to build so-called spin systems—that is, a list of resonances of the chemical shift of the peptide main chain proton, the alpha proton(s), and all other protons from each aa side chain. Which chemical shifts correspond to which nuclei in the spin system is determined by the conventional correlation spectroscopy connectivities and the fact that different types of protons have characteristic chemical shifts. To connect the different spin systems in a sequential order, the nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy... 

Hehum is used for low-temperature research (—272.2°C or 34°F). It has become important as a coolant for superconducting electrical systems that, when cooled, oiler httle resistance to the electrons passing through a conductor (wire or magnet). When the electrons are stripped from the hehum atom, a positive He ion results. The positive hehum ions (nuclei) occur in both natural and man-made radioactive emissions and are referred to as alpha particles. Hehum ions (alpha particles) are used in high-energy physics to study the nature of matter. 

Pure iron is a fairly soft silver/white ductile and malleable moderately dense (7.87 gcm ) metal melting at 1,535 °C. It exists in three allotropic forms body-centered cubic (alpha), face-centered cubic (gamma), and a high temperature body-centered cubic (delta). The average value for the lattice constant at 20 °C is 2.86638(19)A. The physical properties of iron markedly depend on the presence of low levels of carbon or silicon. The magnetic properties are sensitive to the presence of low levels of these elements, and at room temperature pure iron is ferromagnetic, but above the Curie point (768 °C), it is paramagnetic. 

But none of the experiments succeeded. Rutherford and Chadwick came close. They probably produced neutrons when they performed an experiment in which they bombarded aluminum with alpha particles. However, they saw nothing. In those days, neutral particles were hard to detect. Protons and electrons, which were electrically charged, could be manipulated with magnetic and electric fields. Neutrons couldn t. 

It is obvious from these experiments that the absorption spectrum of the Martian red surface can be simulated reasonably well by a non-unique variety of Fe rich phases or their mixtures as can the weak magnetism, so that a positive identification will probably only be possible, following further in situ analyses and/or sample return and analysis in the lab.Two Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs) are due to arrive at Mars in 2004 and will attempt to analyze rocks and soils on the surface using several small spectrometers, including PanCAM (an extended visible region spectrometer), MiniTES (a thermal emission spectrometer), APXS (alpha proton X-ray spectrometer measuring the major elements), Mossbauer (run at current local temperature), as well as a 5-level magnet array similar to that on-board the Pathfinder Lander. 

Occurs as a close-packed hexagonal alpha-form and a hody-centered cubic beta modification melting point 2,233°C vaporizes at 4,602°C electrical resistivity 35.5 microhm-cm at 20°C magnetic susceptibility 0.42xlCL6 emu/g at 25°C thermal neutron absorption cross section 105 barns/atom work function 3.5 eV modulus of elasticity 20x10 psi tensile strength 58,000 psi at 25°C insoluble in water, dilute mineral acids and nitric acid at all concentrations soluble in hydrofluoric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid and aqua regia. 

Thomas E. Bearden, Fellow Emeritus, Alpha Foundation Institute for Advanced Study and Director, Association of Distinguished American Scientists, CEO, CTEC Inc., and Magnetic Energy Limited, Huntsville, AL... 

The three most common forms of radiation coming from a radioactive substance are called by the first three letters of the Greek alphabet, OC, (5, J-—alpha, beta, and gamma. In a magnetic field, alpha rays bend one way, beta rays bend the other way, and gamma rays do not bend at all. Note that the alpha rays bend less than do the beta rays. This happens because the alpha particles have more inertia (because they have more mass) than the beta particles. JThe source of all three radiations is a radioactive material placed at the bottom of a hole drilled in a lead block. 

H Why are alpha particles and beta particles deflected in opposite directions in a magnetic field Why are gamma rays undeflected ... 

---