Alloys containing bismuth

TABLE 1. SOME REPRESENTATIVE LOW-MELTING-POINT ALLOYS CONTAINING BISMUTH... 

What is unusual about Onion s Fusible Alloy compared to other metals Onion s Fusible Alloy contains bismuth, lead, and tin. Compare the melting points of these metals to the melting point of Onion s Fusible Alloy. 

This bismuth—calcium—magnesium dross also contains lead that must be removed. The dross is heated in a ketde to free any entrapped lead that melts and forms a pool under the dross. This lead is cast and returned to the bismuth separation cycle. The dross is then melted and treated with chlorine and/or lead chloride to remove the calcium and magnesium. The resulting molten metal is an alloy of bismuth and lead, high in bismuth which is then treated to produce refined bismuth metal. 

The desilverized alloy now contains bismuth as well as lead and ziac. To remove the lead and ziac, advantage is taken of the fact that ziac and lead chlorides are formed before bismuth chloride [7787-60-2J, BiCl, when the alloy is treated at 500°C with chlorine gas. Ziac chloride [7646-85-7] ZnCl, forms first, and after its removal lead chloride [7758-95-4], PbCl2, forms preferentially. This process is continued until the desired level of lead removal has been reached. The bismuth is given a final oxidation with air and caustic soda the refined product has a purity of 99.999%. 

In a similar determination described by Lingane and Jones,11 an alloy containing copper, bismuth, lead, and tin is dissolved in hydrochloric acid as described above, and then 100 mL of sodium tartrate solution (0.1 M) is added, followed by sufficient sodium hydroxide solution (5M) to adjust the pH to 5.0. After the addition of hydrazinium chloride (4 g), the solution is warmed to 70 °C and then electrolysed. Copper is deposited at —0.3 volt, and then sequentially, bismuth at —0.4 volt, and lead at —0.6 volt all cathode potentials quoted are vs the S.C.E. After deposition of the lead, the solution is acidified with hydrochloric acid and the tin then deposited at a cathode potential of — 0.65 volt vs the S.C.E. 

Many tin alloys containing lead, copper, antimony, and bismuth were also in use in Marggrafs time. He mentioned three kinds of unalloyed tin first the Malaga, reputed to be the best, second the English, and third the Saxon and Bohemian (219). 

The anodic dissolution of magnesium. Mg, has been reported as possible in the basic or buffered ionic liquids that consist of EMI+ and DMPI [20]. However, the deposition of Mg is impossible due to the instability of metallic Mg against these organic cations, whereas the formation of Al-Mg alloys containing Mg up to 2.2 at% has been observed in the acidic EMICI-AICI3 ionic liquid [21]. Calcium and strontium dichlorides, CaCla and SrCla, are soluble in an acidic EMICI-AICI3 ionic liquid and the co-deposition of calcium and strontium with bismuth and copper has been examined in the acidic ionic liquid [22]. 

Bismuth alloyed with tin or cadmium is used as a low melting alloy in automatic sprinkler systems for fire prevention. A typical alloy contains 30% Bi. If an 0.80 g sample is dissolved in 50 mL of acid and a chelate formed, how many extractions employing 20.0 mL of benzene will be required to reduce the Bi concentration to... 

Rose s metal A fusible alloy containing 50% bismuth, 25-28% lead, and tin. Its low melting point (about 100°C) leads to its use in fire-protection devices. 

Bismuth is mainly used in the production of alloys especially of those with low melting points. It is applied as catalyst in the production of synthetic textiles, photo- and thermoelectrical parts, ceramics, glasses, and enamels. Pearlescent pigments in cosmetics and paints contain bismuth. Bi2Te3 is used as a peltier element [3-5,8,14]. 

An alloy consisting of 24% indium and 76% gallium is liquid at room temperature. Low-melting tin-bismuth alloys contain indium. They are used for safety fuses, in fire-alarm boxes and in sprinkler systems. Also indium alloys are used as solders for printed circuit boards. Indium alloys are easily composed for a specified melting range. Alloys of this type are used to give a signal dear for the Christmas ham or turkey to be taken out from the oven. 

Another method of bonding involved the use of special metal alloys which were capable of reacting with and combining with sulphur. The earliest patent for the use of alloys was in Germany in 1904 [10]. Daft patented alloys containing antimony in the US between 1912 and 1913 [11, 12, 13, 14]. He also claimed the use of alloys of copper and zinc with bismuth and arsenic. These alloys were electrically deposited on the metal and the bonds to rubber were formed during the vulcanisation process. 

Metallic bismuth if treated as just described likewise produces a violet precipitate. This result is due to the formation of H ilJ which reacts with rhodamine analogously to H[Sbl4]. Surprisingly, an alloy containing 20 % bismuth besides 55 % Pb, 12 % Cd and 13 % Sn showed no reaction other metals capable of reacting with iodine seemingly prevent the formation of Bilg. 

Calculate the activity of bismuth in a Bi-Zn alloy containing 70 tom% Zn at 600°C (873 K) from the following data obtained from vapour Pi essure measurements ... 

The potential compatibility concerns of bismuth (Bi) containing solder alloys and tin-lead component terminations (or tin-lead solder alloys and bismuth containing component terminations), due to the formation of the low melting temperature (98 °C, or 208 °F) Sn-Pb-Bi ternary eutectic phase, have often been discussed in the literature however, the exact concentration of bismuth necessary to cause an actual reliability degradation (based on kinetics considerations) is not yet clear, and component terminations with tin iloys with low bismuth (1-3%) have been used with the tin-lead solder in actual products. As will be discussed later, bismuth is often used as an alloy addition to tin to reduce the risk of tin whisker growth. 

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