Alloy Series

All aluminium products belong to one of eight alloy series. They are available as 

The reader will find the basic principles of the metallurgy of aluminium in this chapter and should refer to specific technical books or catalogues such as Pechiney Rhenalu s catalogue of semi-products, which has been a source of inspiration for Chapters 3 and 4 of Part A of this book. 

Alloys belonging to the same series exhibit a set of common properties such as castability, mechanical properties, extrudability, corrosion resistance, etc. These properties can vary considerably from one series to another. For a given use, it is therefore not always possible, or desirable, to switch to another series. 

The same applies to metallurgical tempers. A strain-hardened temper (temper HIX) will not have the same deformation capacity as a soft temper (temper O) in strain-hardenable alloys, and as an aged temper (temper T4) in age-hardenable alloys. Industrial alloys comprise 

---

Austenitic stainless steels are a class of materials that are extremely relevant for conventional and advanced reactor technologies. They are Fe-Cr-Ni alloys with a fully or quasifuUy face-centered-cubic close-packed crystal structure which imparts most of their physical and mechanical properties [7]. Various chemical additions enhance their properties over a wide range of temperatures. Three main alloy classes are to be considered here 304, 316, and alloy 800 series. 

Alloy 800 series are derived from Incoloy 800, originally developed in the 1950s by the International Nickel Company [18]. AUoy 800 series have high nickel and chromium contents which give them superior resistance to corrosion in many kinds of environments (Table 17.2). Titanium and aluminum additions lead to the precipitation of different carbonitrides which enhance the material properties. But this Ti + A1 content also leads to the precipitation of hard y Ni3(Ti,Al) phase which enhances creep resistance but decreases the material ductility at high temperature. This is why the Ti + A1 content has been limited in some specifications (800 HT, 800 SPH). On the other hand, annealed material was historically differentiated from solution annealed material, with the terms grade 1 annealed at approximately 980°C, and grade 2 solution annealed at approximately 1150°C [19]. 

Table 17.2 Some chemical requirements for alloy 800 series [11,13,20]...

H. Bibring, G. Seibel, and M. Rabinouitch, eds.. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Strength Metals Alloys, Series 3, ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, 1970, pp. 1178-1182. 

This computation is also referred to as calculating the zinc equivalent of the alloy. The increase in strength in this alloy series is caused by increased amounts of beta phase in the stmcture. The silicon brasses show similar hardening effects accompanying a second phase. Typical mechanical properties and electrical conductivity for various cast alloys are shown in Table 2. 

Solution hardening is not confined to 5000 series aluminium alloys. The other alloy series all have elements dissolved in solid solution and they are all solution strengthened to some degree. But most aluminium alloys owe their strength to fine precipitates of intermetallic compounds, and solution strengthening is not dominant... 

The results of a systematic study of the effect of Co in an alloy series corresponding to LaNi43 Co Mn Al,., are shown in Fig. 13 and summarized in Table 6 and graphically in Fig. 14. The correlation between expansion and corrosion is rather weak e.g., even though the H content is unchanged. It is thus likely that corrosion inhibition by Co is also due to a surface effect as with Ce. In this connection Kanda et al. [48] found evidence that Co sup-... 

From a detailed analysis of the stability regions in the alloy series MR Rh3Bi y and Er(Rh, yM,)3B y the formation of the perovskite structure was discussed in terms of a stabilizing charge transfer (B as electron donor) and a corresponding characteristic VEC, 31 < VEC < 34. 

Lemasson P, Boutry AE, Tiiboulet R (1984) The semiconductor-electrolyte junction Physical parameters determination by photocurrent measurement throughout the Cdi xZnxTe alloy series. J Appl Phys 55 592-594... 

Low-temperature p-hydrogen requires the use of materials that retain good ductility at low temperatures. Austenitic stainless steel (e.g. AISI 316L and 304L) or aluminum and aluminum alloys (Series 5000) are recommended. Polytetrafluor-oethylene (PTFE, Teflon) and 2-chloro-l,l,2-trifluoroethylene (Kel-F) can also be used. 

For the metals Co, Ni and Pd and perhaps others it appears to be a good approximation to assume, in spite of the hybridization, that part of the Fermi surface is s-like with mrff me, and part d-hke with meff me. The current is then carried by the former, and the resistance is due to phonon-induced s-d transitions. This model was first put forward by Mott (1935) and developed by many other authors (e.g. Coles and Taylor 1962) for reviews see Mott (1964) and Dugdale and Guenault (1966). Applications of the model have also been made to ordered alloys of the type Al6Mn, Al7Cr by Griiner et al (1974), where the width A of the d-band is the same as it would be for an isolated transitional-metal atom in the matrix, but most of the Fermi surface is assumed to be (s-p)-like. The behaviour of the disordered Pd-Ag alloy series is particularly interesting. The 4d-bands of the two constituents are well separated, as shown particularly by... 

Upper Montclair, NJ(l953) 7)J-L.Haughton A.Prince, "The Constitutional Diagrams of Alloys, Institute of Metals,Londonf 1956) (Bibliography) 8)M.C.Smith, "Alloys Series in Physical Metallurgy, Harper, NY(1956)... 

Figure 6 gives a practical example for the relevance of As 0 in application. The saturation magnetostriction of the (Fei.xCox)9oZr7B3 alloy series shown in this Figure has been fine-tuned around As 0 by adding a... 

An alternative approach to the problem is the isotopic substitution method. Here one uses the same alloy prepared with different isotopes having different neutron scattering factors (Mizoguchi et al., 1978 Kudo et al., 1978). In the amorphous substitution method several alloys A, are used, where x is fixed and B or A is replaced by a component of similar size and chemical affinity but different scattering factor (Chipman et al., 1978 Williams, 1982). In these methods it is tacitly assumed that the atomic distribution functions in the alloy series are the same or, at least, do not differ much. 

It can also be shown that, if one of the components is a transition metal, the largest contribution to p will come from the transition metal d wave phase shift. The maximum resistivity p(x = Xj ) in alloy series composed of different transition metals can then be compared by means of the simplified form of eq. (60) ... 

---