Allocation process level

The challenges discussed so far are predominantly of a technical nature. The EU greenhouse gas emission trading scheme is the first application of this environmental policy instrument at EU level and few Member States had previously implemented or considered the use of the instrument at national level.10 Therefore neither authorities charged with the task to develop the allocation plan nor stakeholders involved had much experience with an allocation process.11 This relative inexperience made the process design (see next point) even more challenging. In many cases know-how gaps had to be addressed as a first step towards... 

In contrast to the procedures followed by other Member States and recommended by the Commission s guidelines on NAPs, the Italian allocation process did not develop through a two-step top-down approach a first decision on overall allocation based on macro level policy goals which sets the constraints for the following second decision on sector level allocations. The Italian NAP decisions were, instead, intrinsically linked to the GHG National Reduction Plan (NRP) characterised by a one-step bottom-up approach a first-step single decision on... 

Once historic installation-level data were available, the emissions of concrete sectors were aggregated and the discussion could move on to the identification of growth factors for each sector as the main variable of the NAR In fact, in the absence of conflict with other allocation criteria, expected growth can be used as a variable for the determination of the total amount. Growth rates therefore represent a key variable in the allocation process. 

The lack of data at the level of the installation was perhaps the biggest problem confronted in the allocation process by nearly all Member States. This came as a surprise to most people since all countries had... 

In the absence of an obvious or practical benchmark, recent emission levels became the basic reference point for the allocation process in the EU ETS. This was true both for the macro decision on the level of the cap and on the micro distribution of allowances to existing installations within individual Member States. 

Although collection of data at the unit process level solves much of the input allocation problem there is still room for variation. Most input inventories are allocated on a mass basis because whatever the input units, the inputs can be accurately converted to mass units, and mass balances between mill inputs and outputs can be easily checked for accuracy. The mass balance between input and output can be used as a sound vaUdity check on the data a difference of a few percent is generally considered acceptable. 

The outcome of the hazard and risk assessment and allocation process should be a clear description of the functions to be carried out by the safety systems, including potential safety instrumented systems together with safety integrity level requirements (along with mode of operation, continuous or demand) for any safety instrumented function. This forms the basis for the SIS safety requirements specification. The description of the functions should be clear as to what needs to be done to ensure that safety is maintained. 

L.J. Hafer and A.C. Parker, Register-Transfer Level Design Automation The Allocation Process, Proc. I5th Design Automation Conference, pp. 213-219, June 1978. 

Louis Hafer and Alice C. Parker, Raster Transfer Level Automatic Digital Design The Allocation Process , Proc. of the ISA DAC, June 1978. 

As depicted in Figure 1-3, there were multiple levels of documents increasing in detail. Level 2 documents address five different categories as depicted below. The requirement allocation process that was planned for the JIMO project would have assigned requiremer ts from each tier of documents, as well as interface requirements and other derived requirements, to the next lower level elements. In this way, requirements would have been assigned to the various modules and then to their constituent segments, sub-systems, etc. A tabular depiction of the project hierarchy, and description of the reactor module segments, follows. 

Units of a computer-based distributed systems are physically distributed in the nuclear installation These units are hierarchically organised in multi processing-levels according to the type of tasks allocated to them Between these processing-levels communication networks must be considered... 

To demonstrate the use of such a comparative cost analysis, the production of a panel was analyzed according to different processes (Fig. 9-6). In these case studies the following conditions existed (1) the panels measured 61 x 91 cm (24 x 36 in.) with the wall thickness dictated by the process and part requirements so that the weights of the panels differed (2) production was at a level of 40,000/yr. (3) the plastics for all panels were of the same type, except that different grades had to be used, based on the process requirements, so that costs changed (4) each panel received one coat of paint, except that the structural foam also had a primer coating and (5) costs were allocated as needed to those processes that required trimming and other secondary operations. 

The band spectrum of chlorine in the visible and near ultra-violet is well known from the work of Kuhn8 and others. Absorption from at least the first five vibrational levels of the normal molecule is observable. One can say from which particular vibrational levels the absorption of chlorine in the above regions at ordinary temperatures originates, and the energy of these levels is known. This is sufficient to determine the temperature coefficient of such absorption. Indeed it is partly by a process the reverse of this that the allocation of absorption to the various vibrational levels is accomplished. And so from the positions of the four... 

On the upper level, the scheduling module allocates the equipment which is required for processing the next batch. In these decisions, the current equipment allocation, the equipment properties and a cost-function are taken into account. The allocation is performed in a sequence according to increasing starting times of the batches. 

Fig. 12.6 User interface of an electronic planning board (Source OR Soft Jaenicke GmbH). The Gantt chart for the resources (white background) shows some gaps in the allocation where another process order may fit in, the histograms (black background) show the resulting stock levels for the materials involved.

Safety instrumented function (SIF) A safety function allocated to the safety instrumented system with a safety integrity level necessary to achieve the desired risk reduction for an identified process hazard. 

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